How Gender Role Socialization Effects Girls More...

Adolescents are faced with many difficult life decisions which, when coupled with their lack of self-knowledge, cause identity crises. Not secure in themselves, teenagers must make decisions concerning how they will act, with who they will associate with, and what life decisions they will choose. Ultimately, the progression by which they determine their identity must inevitability be one of trial and error. In the book Reviving Ophelia, clinical psychologist Dr. Mary Pipher discusses the social and cultural pressures faced by today s adolescent girls based on her individual clients’ stories. This paper will examine how gender role socialization effects girls more specifically, depending on the teenage girls’ developmental level. Another crucial theme to be analyzed is the idea coined as lookism and the American culture, which according to the book is a determination of a woman s value based solely on appearance. Another common factor in each of the case studies p resented by Pipher is the theme of resisting authority and shutting out parental guidance substituting help with media and peers. By analyzing these young girls’ stories, it is clear to understand why young girls find themselves going down the wrong path growing up. As girls enter adolescence they are forced to decide who they want to become and how they want to be seen. Young girls growing up are under extreme pressure to conform to the ideals that society has deemed appropriate. In Reviving Ophelia,Show MoreRelatedComputer and Internet in Education13526 Words   |  55 Pagesatrisk teens. Abstract The increasing amount of time children are spending on computers at home and school has raised questions about how the use of computer technology may make a difference in their lives—from helping with homework to causing depression to encouraging violent behavior. This article provides an overview of the limited research on the effects of home computer use on children’s physical, cognitive, and social development. Initial research suggests, for example, that access to computersRead MoreControl Theory15246 Words   |  61 Pagesframeworks are bold—critics would say pretentious (Geis, 2000)—because they claim to be â€Å"general theories† that explain crime across types of crime and types of people. Hirschi also has shown little interest in race,class,and gender inequalities that others—especially those from more critical perspectives—see as fundamental to any explanation of crime (see, e.g., Miller Burack, 1993). Regardless of their m erits, these critiques have done little to dim Hirschi’s influence; if anything, the controversyRead MoreHow Pastoral Care Policy Has Contributed to the Management of Junior Secondary Schools In Botswana23474 Words   |  94 Pages2.3.4 Conclusion 22 2.4 Botswana perspective about implementation of PCP 23 2.4.1 Divisions and demarcations of school into houses 23 2.4.2 School leadership training 23 2.4.3 School supervision 23 2.4.4 Stakeholder partnerships 23 2.4.5 Role ambiguity 24 2.4.6 Socio-Economic changes 24 2.4.7 Conclusion 25 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 26 3.1 Research design 27 3.2 Population of the study and Justification 28 3.3 Sampling Procedure 29 3.4 The sample 29 3.5 Data collection procedure 31 Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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By thoroughly explaining, analyzing and exploring organization theory the book increases the understanding of a field that in recent years has become ever more fragmented. Organization theory is central to managing, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, CopenhagenRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesBehavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to revi ew in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town DubaiRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pages81 86 88 89 101 102 104 107 109 Stage One: Where are we now? Strategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio analysis 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Learning objectives Introduction The clarification of

Brief Literature Review on Online Advetising - 884 Words

Online advertising Peter J. Danaher and Guy W. Mullarkey have published their research article entitled â€Å"Factors Affecting Online Advertising Recall : A Study of Students†. In this research article we examine factors that might impact on web advertising recall and recognition. These factors include the viewing mode, duration of page viewing, and web page context factors, including text and page background complexity and the style of the banner advertisement. Via an experimental design Peter J. Danaher and Guy W. Mullarkey,†Factors Affecting Online Advertising Recall : A Study of Students†- Journal of Advertising Research 2003, conducted on a student sample, we manipulate these factors over several levels. The key finding is that the†¦show more content†¦Shelly Rodgers and Esther Thorson33 Have published research paper entitled â€Å"The Interactive Advertising Model: How Users Perceive and Process Online Ads†. The authors provide an integrativ e processing model of Internet Advertising, which incorporates the functional and structural schools of thought. The model begins with the functional prospective, which attempts to identify reasons for Internet use. Since most individuals enter cyberspace with some goal or agenda, in mind, the authors argue that a model of online processing should begin with consideration of Internet functions. These functions, according to the authors, operates conjointly with the user’s mode-ranging from high goal-directed to playful-to influence the types of ads web users will attend to and process. The authors offer a broad scheme in which to classify most Internet ads, as well as a number of common features unique to these ads. The authors conclude by offering a number of hypotheses suggested by the model. Although the internet provides an efficient medium for advertising (Hoffman amp; Novak, 1996) practitioners are trying to figure out how to maximize this new medium (Eighmey amp; McCord 1998). Scholars are attempting to do the same. Their approach, however, generally differs from practitioners in the way rigorous theories, methods and models are built, used, tested and re-tested. Our purpose here is to offer an Interactive

Business Law of Violet and Sonny Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Law of Violet and Sonny. Answer: After going through the facts that have been provided in this question, the issue arises in the present case if Violet and Sonny can be held liable to repay the loan owed were Busy Bee Florist Shop to Friendly Bank. This liability may arise if Violet and Sonny are treated as the partners in the business. A partnership can be described as a relationship that is present between the persons were getting on business in common was the purpose of making a profit. In this way, there is an agreement created between two or more persons to enter a legally binding relationship. Therefore this relationship is contractual in nature. In Green v Beesley (1835), Tindal J, has stated that the definition of partnership has always been understood as a medium participation, yet a legal entity is not created when the participants create a partnership. Similarly in Smith v Anderson (1880), James LJ had described the concept of partnership in the following words. A general partnership comprises of definite individuals who are bound together by contract created between themselves to continue jointly to achieve a joint object, either during their pleasure or for a limited period. It is essentially composed of the persons who have originally intending to the contract with each other. However, despite the pres ence of these definitions, limitations have been placed on the number of persons that can become partners. The relevant provision in this regard is present in the Corporations Act, 2001. Similarly, the law provides that the partnership will have a name, which will be known as the name of the firm. The law of partnership has been derived from case law as well as statute law. The relevant provisions are present in the Partnership Act, 1892. Partnership law has been described as a special type of agency. The reason is that when the partners are acting in course of partnership business, they are considered to be acting as agents of each other (Lang v James Morrison Co Ltd., 1911). The law provides that three elements should be present so that it can be said that a particular relationship is a partnership. Therefore, the parties should be carrying on business; in common; and for the purpose of making profit. All these elements need to be satisfied for the purpose of the creation of a partnership. On the other hand, even if a single element is not present, the religion cannot be described as a partnership. In order to decide the meaning of the term 'carrying on business', the issue arises if there is a need of establishing repetitiveness of action as compared to an isolated action by the parties. In a number of earlier decisions, the courts have said about the need for having a continuity or repetition of action. For example, in Smith v Anderson (1880), there was a group of investors. These investors have subscribed to purchase the shares by forming a trust in different submarine cable companies. The trustees, sold his shares to the investors. Along with the other investors, Smith had also received a certificate. However, later on, and application was made by Smith wind up the trust. The reason given in this regard was that the trust was an illegal association, keeping in view section 4 of the English Companies Act, 1862. This section, provided that no company, association or partnership comprising more than 20 persons can be formed to carry on a business, unless it is register. Under these circumstances, the issue arose if the trust in the present case can be described as a partnership. For this purpose, the court considered the nature of the press as well as the relationship of the parties involved. Although, every person holding a certificate could elect trustees, received a trust report and the trustees had certain powers related with management by the court noted the fact that the trustees did not have the power to speculate. Similarly, there were no mutual rights and obligations present among the persons involved in it. As a result, our conclusion was made by the court that they just cannot be described as a partnership because there was a lack of association for 'carrying on business'. There are certain rules present in the Partnership Act which can be used to decide if the relationship between the parties can be described as partnership or not. For example, section 2(2) object provides that merely the fact of sharing the gross returns of the business does not in itself result in a partnership, whether the persons who are sharing the returns have got this not have a joint or common right in any property from which the returns are derived. Hence, only the fact of sharing the gross profit made by the business is not sufficient for the purpose of the creation of a partnership. An example in this regard can be given of Cribb v Korn (1911). In this case, a landowner has employed Korn as a rural worker. There was an agreement concluded between the landowner and Cribb. This agreement provided that the landowner will have sloughs reviews and observation over the particular area of Cribb's land. The agreement also provided that machinery and stock would be provided by Cribb , while the landowner was going to be half of the proceeds of the sale of produce to Cribb. Under these circumstances Korn suffered injuries when he was working on the land. He claimed compensation from Cribb. It was submitted by Korn, that in the present case, the landowner and Cribb were in fact, partners. However, the high court arrived at the conclusion that the partnership was not present between the parties, and it was only a tenancy. Due to the reason that the landowner enjoyed exclusive right to provide the land and no right was given to Cribb to direct or control the working over the land by the landowner, the relationship cannot be described as a partnership, but it was only a tenancy. Moreover, the fact of sharing the gross returns was not considered as sufficient for the purpose of establishing a partnership, but it only amounted to rent. Therefore in order to be partners, the parties are required to establish that they have agreed to carry on some business, for example in the present case, farming, in common and for the purpose of making a profit and later on to divide or to apply the profit to some agreed object. For example, in the above-mentioned case, there was nothing to show that it was the intention of the appellant to involve in farming or to be concerned in the transaction beyond the right to receive compensation. Another relevant rule in this regard is related with the sharing of profit and loss. In this regard, the partnership law provides that when a person receives a share, out of the profit made by the business, it is considered as a prima facie evidence that such person is a partner. However, the receipt of share in the profit or receiving a payment that is contingent on the profit made by the business, does not in itself establishes that such person can be described as a partner. The term profit has not been described in the Act. In Re Spanish Prospecting Co Ltd [1908-10], the court stated that the term profit implies a comparison between the state of the business on two particular dates that are generally separated by the year. The basic meaning of profit is the amount gained by the business in a year. Therefore, the profit can be ascertained by comparing the assets of the business on these two dates. However the difficulty that is present in interpreting the above-mentioned provision is due to the use of the term 'prima facie' that qualifies evidence. It appears that the fact related with the presence of profit sharing scheme can be admitted in evidence in support of the presence of a partnership, but it cannot be claimed only on the basis of this fact that the parties have entered into a partnership (Television Broadcasters Ltd v Ashtons Nominees Pty Ltd (No 1), 1979). Another relevant case is that of Cox v Hickman (1880). B. and J. Smith were partners and they were involved in business of iron masters and corn merchants. As they could not meet the outstanding obligations, they made an assignment of their property to their creditors, as trustees, who were going to carry on the business. After the current expenses were paid, the debt income was going to be divided among the creditors. After the creditors were paid in full, the property was going to be reconveyed to Smiths. Among others, Cox and Wheatcroft were also named as trustees. However, while Cox never accepted the trusteeship, Wheatcroft also resigned after six months. However after a designation, the other trustees incurred certain debts to Hickman. He initiated the present action against Cox and Wheatcroft claiming them to be partners in the business and as a result liable for the debts. The court stated that it had been argued that the creditors including Wheatcroft and Cox are interested in the profits. And as a result, they should be considered as partners. It is generally stated that the test regarding the presence of a partnership is to see if such person is entitled to receive out of the profit made by the business. The court stated that generally this test is sufficiently accurate, and the right to take part in the profits provides cogent evidence regarding the fact that such business was carried on, in part for or on behalf of the person. However, the real basis for the liability is if the trade has been carried on by the person acting on his behalf. Therefore, only in such a case the person can be held liable for the obligations of the business and entitled to the profit made by the business or to share it. Under these circumstances, the court arrived at the conclusion that in the present case, Wheatcroft and Cox cannot be considered as the partners in business and as a result, they cannot be held liable for the debts of the business. In the present case, the agreement created between Rose and Violet provides that Violet will lend $20,000 to the partnership and in return, a loan agreement will be drawn between the parties which provide that the lender (Violet) is going to receive a share of 20%, out of the profit or the loss made by the business. The agreement also provided that the lender was going to receive quarterly business statement as well as the right to examine the partnership books. However, it was also mentioned in the agreement that the lender should not be considered as a partner in the business. But by applying the test of partnership mentioned above, it can be concluded in the present case that Violet is a partner in Busy Bee Florist Shop even if the agreement concluded between the parties provides that Violet should not be treated as a partner. On the other hand, Sonny had also agreed to lend $10,000 to Mary, but the ones interest on the loan. Therefore, according to the agreement between the parties, Sonny was going to receive a salary along with one eighth share out of the profit made by the business. However, as mentioned above, only the fact of receiving a share of the profits of the business is not conclusive proof that the person is a partner in the business and therefore liable for the debts of the business. On these grounds, in the present case, the elements necessary for the creation of a partnership are not present in this case. As a result, Sonny cannot be held as a partner in Busy Bee Florist Shop. Hence, Sonny is not liable to Friendly Bank regarding the debts owed by Busy Bee Florist Shop. It can be concluded that while it can be treated as a partner in the business and therefore liable to Friendly Bank regarding the debt owed by the business, but Sonny is not a partner and therefore is not liable to the bank for the debts. References Cox v Hickman (1880) 8 HL Cas 268 Cribb v Korn (1911) 12 CLR 205 Green v Beesley (1835) 2 Bing N C 108 Lang v James Morrison Co Ltd (1911) 13 CLR 1 Re Spanish Prospecting Co Ltd [1908-10] All ER Rep 573 Smith v Anderson (1880) 15 Ch D 247 Television Broadcasters Ltd v Ashtons Nominees Pty Ltd (No 1) (1979) 22 SASR 552

Six Sigma Class Intro and Ppt free essay sample

Understanding Six Sigma ? Definition ? World at Six Sigma examples ? Six Sigma Scale ? Why Six Sigma ? Six Sigma Methodologies Tools ? Define ? Measure ? Analyze ? Improve ? Control WHAT’S IN A NAME? Sigma is the Greek letter representing the standard deviation of a population of data. ? Sigma is a measure of standard deviation (the data spread) ? ? ? SIX SIGMA IS †¦ ? A statistical concept that measures a process in terms of defects – at the six sigma level, there 3. 4 defects per million opportunities ? A defect is anything that results in customer dissatisfaction Six Sigma is a methodology and a symbol of quality ? HOW OFTEN ARE WE DELIVERING ON TIME? ? If the target time is 30 Mins, the graphs below show two curves with average at 25 Mins 30 mins 30 mins s s 0 10 x 30 2 sigma 20 40 50 0 10 20 x 30 4 sigma 40 50 ? ? How many standard deviations can you â€Å"fit† within customer expectations? Managing by the average doesn’t tell the whole story. The average and the variation together show what’s happening. We will write a custom essay sample on Six Sigma Class Intro and Ppt or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page MANAGING UP THE SIGMA SCALE Sigma 1 2 3 4 5 6 % Good % Bad 30. 9% 69. % 93. 3% DPMO 691,462 308,538 66,807 69. 1% 30. 9% 6. 7% 99. 38% 99. 977% 0. 62% 0. 023% 6,210 233 3. 4 99. 9997% 0. 00034% EXAMPLES OF THE SIGMA SCALE In a world at 3 sigma. . . ? In a world at 6 sigma. . . ? There are 964 U. S. flight cancellations per day. The police make 7 false arrests every 4 minutes. 1 U. S. flight is cancelled every 3 weeks. There are fewer than 4 false arrests per month. ? ? ? In one hour, 47,283 international long distance calls are accidentally disconnected. ? It would take more than 2 years to see the same number of dropped international calls. WHY SIX SIGMA? †¢ At GE, Six Sigma added more than $ 2 billion to the bottom line in 1999 alone †¢ Motorola saved more than $ 15 billion in the first 10 years of its Six Sigma effort AlliedSignal reports saving $ 1,5 billion through Six Sigma. †¢ †¢ Six Sigma is about practices that help you eliminate defects and always deliver products and services that meet customer specifications How are these savings realized? cost of scrap? cost of rework? cost of excessive cycle times and delays? Benefits of added capacity and man-hours DMAIC – THE IMPROVEMENT METHODOLOGY Define Objective: DEFINE the opportunity Measure Analyze Improve Control Objective: Objective: Objective: MEASURE current ANALYZE the root IMPROVE the performance causes of problems process to eliminate root causes Key Measure Tools: †¢ Critical to Quality Requirements (CTQs) †¢ Sample Plan †¢ Capability Analysis †¢ Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA) Key Analyze Tools: †¢ Histograms, Boxplots, MultiVari Charts, etc. †¢ Hypothesis Tests †¢ Regression Analysis Objective: CONTROL the process to sustain the gains. Key Define Tools: †¢ Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ) †¢ Voice of the Stakeholder (VOS) †¢ Project Charter †¢ As-Is Process Map(s) †¢ Primary Metric (Y) Key Improve Key Control Tools: Tools: †¢ Solution Selection †¢ Control Charts Matrix †¢ Contingency †¢ To-Be Process and/or Action Map(s) Plan(s) DEFINE – DMAIC PROJECT WHAT IS THE PROJECT? $ Project Charter Cost of Poor Quality Stakeholders Voice of the Stakeholde r Six Sigma What is the problem? The â€Å"problem† is the Output ? What is the cost of this problem ? Who are the stake holders / decision makers ? Align resources and expectations ? DEFINE – CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS WHAT ARE THE CTQS? WHAT MOTIVATES CUSTOMER? SECONDARY RESEARCH Market Data THE Voice of the Customer Key Customer Issue Critical to Quality Listening Posts Industry Intel Industry Benchmarking Customer Service Customer Correspondence PRIMARY RESEARCH Survey s OTM Observations Focus Groups MEASURE – BASELINES AND CAPABILITY WHAT IS OUR CURRENT LEVEL Sample some data / not all data Current Process actuals measured against the Customer expectation OF PERFORMANCE?

Child Molestation essays

Child Molestation essays About seven years ago, my sister, at the mere age of twelve, was raped. After a horrible hurricane in Florida destroyed hundreds of homes and caused millions of dollars worth of damage, my sister volunteered to travel with some other members of her church to assist with the reconstruction of some of these buildings. While there, a man whose house they were working on took my sister into a back shed and sexually molested her. She never spoke of it to anyone for almost five years. Sexual harassment has touched the lives of many children across the nation. For example, a close friend of mine was molested at the age of three by one of the employees at the day care center he stayed at every day while his single mother went to work. Furthermore, another dear friend of mine was touched and spoken to in a sexual manner on numerous occasions by his middle-aged boss at a local fast food restaurant. These children and teenagers are only a spec in the enormous number of kids that get sexually molested and abused every day. Yet, our government hides its eyes. It is a known statistic that sexual abuse is by far the least reported abuse of any kind because it is the most degrading and embarrassing for the victim. It is often called the silent crime for this reason. (Dolan 80) Too many victims of sexual harassment live their lives thinking poorly of themselves, too afraid to tell anyone. The people of this nation need to speak up for our children. We, as citizens of the United States, must organize, support and help the growth of associations that exist with the sole purpose of educating kids and parents both on the facts and myths of sexual molestation as well as how to prevent it. Child sexual abuse is defined as the rape, and in cases of caretaker or interfamilial relationships, statutory rape, molestation, prostitution, or other form of sexual exploitation of children, or incest with children as well as &q...

How to Identify the Theme of a Work of Literature

How to Identify the Theme of a Work of Literature A theme is a central or underlying idea in literature, which may be stated directly or indirectly. All novels, stories, poems, and other literary works have at least one theme running through them. The writer may express insight about humanity or a worldview through a theme. Subject Versus Theme Dont confuse the subject of a work with its theme: The subject is a topic that acts as the foundation for a work of literature, such as marriage in 19th-century France.A  theme is an opinion the author expresses on the subject, for instance, the authors dissatisfaction with the narrow confines of French bourgeois marriage during that period. Major and Minor Themes There can be  major and minor themes in works of literature: A major theme is an idea that a writer repeats in his work, making it the most significant idea in a literary work.A minor theme, on the other hand, refers to an idea that appears in a work briefly and that may or may not give way to another minor theme. Read and Analyze the Work Before you attempt to identify the theme of a work, you must have read the work, and you should understand at least the basics of the plot, characterizations, and other literary elements. Spend some time thinking about the main subjects covered in work. Common subjects include coming of age, death and mourning, racism, beauty, heartbreak and betrayal, loss of innocence, and power and corruption. Next, consider what the authors view on these subjects might be. These views will point you toward the works themes. Heres how to get started. How to Identify Themes in a Published Work Note the plot of the work: Take a few moments to write down the main literary elements: plot, characterization, setting, tone, language style, etc. What were the conflicts in the work? What was the most important moment in the work? Does the author resolve the conflict? How did the work end?Identify the subject of the work: If you were to tell a friend what the work of  literature was about, how would you describe that? What would you say is the topic?Who is the protagonist (the main  character)?  How does he or she change? Does the protagonist affect other characters? How does this character relate to others?Assess the authors point of view: Finally, determine the authors view toward the characters and the choices they make. What might be the authors attitude toward the resolution of the main conflict? What message might the author be sending us? This message is the theme.  You may find clues in the  language  used, in quotes from main characters, or in the final resolut ion of the conflicts. Note that none of these elements (plot, subject, character, or point of view) constitute a theme in and of itself. But identifying them is an important first step in identifying a works major theme or themes.

Argentinas economic status Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Argentinas economic status - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that with 23 states and also an autonomous city, Argentina had been the second largest country in Latin America. Covering a total area of 2766890 square kilometers the country stands as the eight largest nations measured 30th in terms of population. The country had a fairly high per capita income in 1920 but suffered from severe political instability during the 80s due to the  economic crisis. The country was under 22 years of military rule and after that changed 25 presidents. Currently, the country is recovering from a severe downturn that it suffered owing to the 2001-02 economic crises. Reportedly the country has defaulted on debt in 2005 and then made a debt repayment of $9.5 million to IMF in January 2006. IMF even questions Argentina’s accounting measures and credibility of data especially the one concerned with inflation. Keeping this at backdrop the paper intends to present a study of Argentina’s economic status by looking upon its past history of economic crisis and also examining the extent of recovery from such a crisis currently. The country of Argentina situated in Latin America had been going through a political turmoil for many years along with disastrous economic conditions. Economic crisis followed by debt crisis has been piling up one after another. Currently, the country is facing the problems of high prices and persistent double-digit inflation.... To test such a hypothesis we first consider a brief history of the past economic problems and then address the current economic problem through various findings and analysis. We also look upon the technical and financial assistance provided by the developmental organizations World Bank and IMF. Literature review Several economists have analyzed and performed research studies on Argentina’s economic condition. A research study has been performed to get an idea of poverty prevailing in Argentina due to such economic conditions. The data has been collected from EPH which is the main household survey of Argentina. Real income has been taken as an indicator of poverty and inequality. Fall in real income (8%) for the years 1992-96 comes along with the increase in GDP (8.9%) for the same years. Such a discrepancy reveals an overestimation of GDP in the data provided by local Argentinean surveys. Some unaccounted income such as rent and capital income might also be a cause for such a dubious result (Gasparini). Growth incidence curves have also been used for studying the changes in income pattern. The curves have been below the horizontal axis and positively sloped. High inequality in income is revealed from such a study of income changing patterns (Gasparini). Poverty status of Argentina has been studied using poverty lines with three poverty indicators namely the headcount ratio, the poverty income gap and FGT. Value of poverty lines have been expressed in local currency units. The data has collected for the period 1992-06. Such a study has shown that although Argentina has somewhat recovered from the 2001-02 crisis it has not been able to eradicate poverty. With the crisis there has been

Business Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Policy - Essay Example It is thus dynamic in nature so that the organization earns above average returns (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2001, p. 6). Strategic management is a broad canvas, which includes strategic analysis, strategic implementation and control. It encompasses all functional areas within an organization. This paper aims to address these issues in the context of finance and marketing. For evolving appropriate corporate policies, it is imperative to do a competitive analysis. This will be done by using the SWOT and Porters five forces. SWOT analysis helps to understand internal environment of the company in terms of its relative strengths and weaknesses, and also external factors in terms of opportunities and threat. Further, as the company intends to enter into emerging markets, its global competitiveness will be examined by using the model suggested by Porter (1985), which includes five competitive forces, which determine the competitiveness of a product in a market. These forces are industr y competitions, potential entrants, substitutes, byers, and suppliers.

Ethics system table Essay Example for Free

Ethics system table Essay This ethics is also referred to as teleological ethics. This refers to the end results or the outcomes of certain decisions. The acts determine what is ethical. What is viewed to be ethical is the action most likely to result to in the best good or the action with the most significance. This action usually gives the best consequence. Rights-Based Ethics This is the ethics that outlines the privileges that an individual is entitled to. This is based on the ground of categorical imperative which views a person as a moral agent in relation to other people. The rights are treated to be true and correct as they are approved by many people. However, it is difficult to determine which rights should be approved and which ones should be discarded. Human Nature Ethics Also referred to as humanistic ethics. These ethics emphasis on doing what is right and best for the society as a whole. This ethic which mainly dominates ethical theory is a more clearly altruistic. The ethics aims at virtue as well as having social improvement rather than having personal success. The ethics is concerned about everybody in the society. People should not be afraid to lend a helping hand or to receive one Relativistic Ethics This ethics is viewed as an inquiry to what is right or wrong through a critical review of the people’s beliefs and practices. The ethic however fails to recognize that some societies have better reasons of holding tom their views than others. The ethic raises important issues in that different cultural societies have different beliefs and are greatly influenced by culture. The ethics challenges people to explore on the belief systems that differ their own and to find an explanation why people hold their belief system. Entitlement-Based Ethics This is an ethic that views that you owe me because its my right to have everything that you have. Virtue-Based ethical This ethic places less emphasis on the rules that people should follow and instead tries to find of teaching people good virtues such as generosity and kindness. These traits later help the person to make better decisions in life. They also emphasis that people should know how to avoid bad virtues such as greed and hatred. These are viewed as hindrances of becoming a good person. Ethical Theory or System Brief Definition Other Names for Theory Real-world Example Workplace Example Duty-based Ethics Regardless of consequences, certain moral principles are binding, focusing on duty rather than results or moral obligation over what the individual would prefer to do (Trevino and Nelson, 2007, Ch. 4). Deontology, pluralism, moral rights, rights-based Categorical imperative Golden rule I believe people should be able to eat sand because it is the right thing to do. It is my duty to follow through with instructions my boss gives me, even if I do not agree with the concept. It is my moral obligation to respect authority figures. Consequence-based Ethics What is viewed to be ethical is the action most likely to result to in the best good or the action with the most significance. teleological ethics I believe people should be able to eat sand because it is good for one’s health. We ignore the consequence of telling the truth to the police as it may lead to the imprisonment and detention of another person. Rights-based Ethics the privileges that an individual is entitled to Society norms I believe people should be able to eat sand if they want to because they are free to make the decision themselves. In America it is so clear on the right of the people to choose their faith; therefore people in the USA have a right to choose their religion. Human Nature Ethics emphasis on doing what ibis right and best for the society as a whole Humanistic ethics. I believe that if sand is going to be eaten, it should be available for everyone to eat. In an organization people should encourage teamwork as much as possible in order for it to run successfully. Relativistic Ethics Viewed as an inquiry to what is right or wrong through a critical review of the people’s beliefs and practices. Ethnocentric ethic I believe I will eat sand because it is the standard meal for my community. Every organization should be viewed as unique and different from others as it has its own practices and code of conduct. Entitlement-based Ethics Views that you owe me because its my right to have everything that you have. I believe people should be able to eat sand if they decide they want to, regardless of whether it is someone else’s sand. A person may claim to be paid his salary by the company at the end of the month. Virtue-based ethics places less emphasis on the rules that people should follow and instead tries to find of teaching people good virtues such as generosity and kindness Character based ethic I believe people should be able to eat sand if they like the taste of it. The organization should teach people what is right or wrong and leave them to make good decisions later. Reference Trevino, L. , and Nelson, K. (2007). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. Hoboken: Wiley.

Implications of Capitalism on Objective News Content Essay -- politics,

While Capitalism might first be seen as a positive influence on free and open access to information, in fact, it can also have a detrimental impact. Inaccurate news stories, sensationalized material, and manipulation through the media are all repercussions of the effects of capitalism. Capitalism’s influence in the media skews content in favour of the market, preventing the public from access to democratic, objective news content. Too often, capitalist influence dominates the media market through conglomerate control, structured by the ever-growing desire to gain capital, treating the audience as a commodity regardless of the negative repercussions that ensue. As opposed to presenting balanced, unbiased issues that are relevant and open to the interpretation of the media consumers in order to best meet the needs of society, the result is a cycle of information that does not broaden public democratic discourse, but channels it with bias. Perhaps the best place to begin a review of the relationship between media, capitalism and democracy is the United States of America, where democracy is held up as its foundation, freedom of speech is protected in its Declaration of Independence, and its society has held up capitalism as the best option for prosperity and equality for its citizens. Within the USA, news channels have long been accepted as having obvious links to political philosophies. Depending on the corporate interest, media channel content will display bias, supporting either a left-leaning, right-leaning, or neutral point of view to best serve the corporation. Stanford University professor Magnuson highlights, â€Å"The media plays a significant role in American democracy; it wields serious influential power; it uses this ... ...t. Thousand Oaks, Calif. Pine Forge Press, 2006. Print. "How To Detect Bias In News Media." FAIR Fairness Accuracy In Reporting. N.p., n.d. Web. May, Rollo. The Courage to Create. New York: Bantam Books. Print. Magnuson, A. J. "The Implications of Capitalism for Media: How Democracy Suffers. â€Å"Stanford University (2003): n. pag. Print. McChesney, Robert Waterman. Corporate Media and the Threat to Democracy. New York: Seven Stories, 1997. Print. Mills Cary, Adams James, and Taylor Kate. "CBC Sees government funding slashed by $115 million." Globe and Mail (Ottawa), March 29, 2012, sec. Politics. Schelzig, Erik. "Gore Takes Aim at Corporate Influence over Media in New Book, Defends Sale of Current TV." n.d.: n. pag. Global News. Web. Ting Thao, Yan. "The Effect of News Media on Public Opinion Toward Environmental Issues." Yahoo Contributor Network. N.p., n.d. Web.

All human beings have a deep need for affection and respect Essay

Do you think that Steinbeck conveys the message that nearly all human beings have a deep need for affection and respect? Yes I do think that Steinbeck conveys the message that nearly all human beings have a deep need for affection and respect because there is a lot of characters in the story that are very lonely and depressed, they need someone to talk to and to discuss their own problems with. Curley’s wife is very lonely and she doesn’t have anyone to talk to. She is the only woman on the ranch and isn’t treated properly. She has a dream to become and actress and she tells us the story about the time she was talking to a man and he told her that he would send her a letter back to become an actress and she is still waiting on the letter. She should be respected and it makes us release it. George and Lennieà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s dream is to ‘liv of the fata the lanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. This means that they dream to buy their own land and be there own boss and work there every day. They also want to be fed from there and Lennie wants to ‘tendà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ his rabbits. As soon as candy finds out that George and Lennie have a dream, Candy ‘buysà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in to it by offering all his savings. Lennie and George are outcasts and exiles, the reason for this is for the fact that they are itinerant workers and they always work together and go everywhere with each other. This makes them outcasts because they always go everywhere together where as compare to other people at that moment in time every one went on their own. Crooks is lonely and no one talks to him, he doesn’t sleep in the bunkhouse with the other ranch-hands because he is black. This shows the racism at this time. When Lennie goes in to his room he tells Lennie to get out of it because he wasn’t allowed in their rooms so why should Lennie be in his room. It shows the way he is rejected from the others and that he has a need for deep affection. Curley is very bossy and he thinks that everyone is afraid of him. He bullies people because this is the way he can talk to people. He thought that he would be able to bully Lennie because Lennie looked stupid and very shy, but after he hit Lennie a few times so as soon as George told Lennie to hit him back he did so. Every person has a need to convey their affection and in Of Mice and Men Steinbecks shows this in different ways, with the different characters.

Core Concepts in Cultural Competence

Core Concepts in Cultural Competence Key Concepts (printable) |Cultural Competence | | | | |Definition: |Cultural Competence is a set of values, behaviors, attitudes and practices within a system, organization, program or among | | |individuals that enables them to work effectively across cultures.Cultural competence refers to the ability to honor and respect | | |the beliefs, language, interpersonal styles and behaviors or children and families receiving medical care, as well as those of the | | |staff who are providing such care. Cultural competence is a dynamic, ongoing developmental process that requires a long term | | |commitment and is achieved over time. | | | |Examples: |Examine Cultural Competence in the following examples: | | |Example 1: Maria Hernandez arrives late for her appointment, and explains that she spent a few hours with her elderly aunt on the | | |way to her appointment.The nurse, Ella, greets Maria warmly and comments on Maria’s devotion to her family. Ella understands that | | |in the Hispanic community, caring for family often comes before an individual need such as an appointment. | | |Example 2: When Gina, the social worker, enters an examining room she is already alert to the fact that the family she is meeting | | |may have views about healthcare that are different than her own.She inquires about the family’s beliefs, drawing on her knowledge | | |of the culture, but primarily interested in what the family tells her about their unique views. | | |Example 3: Fred, the pharmacist, becomes frustrated with an Asian family who has been using herbal remedies. With great authority, | | |he tells them that they are â€Å"doing the wrong thing. † Fred is not behaving in a culturally competent manner. | | | |Application: |When meeting a patient or family for the first time, be aware that their beliefs and practices may differ from your own. Try to | | |learn as much as you can about the family's life and how they view t he world. | | | | | | |Culture | | | | |Definition: |Culture is defined as the sum of one's beliefs, rituals, customs and practices that guide thinking, decisions and actions in a | | |patterned way.They are learned throughout a lifetime and passed on through generations. | | | | |Examples: |Examine Culture in the following examples: | | |Example 1: Among some cultures in India, the occasion on which a child first eats solid foods is celebrated with great ceremony. | |Example 2: â€Å"Family† is defined differently in different cultures: in some cultures, â€Å"family† means primarily parents and children. | | |In other cultures, â€Å"family includes a large number of relatives, loosely related. | | |Example 3: Disabilities are viewed differently in different cultures. In some cultures, people with disabilities are hidden, in | | |others they are believed to be endowed with special gifts.In some cultures, people with disabilities are encouraged to become | | |indepen dent and live independently; in others, it is the family’s wish and responsibility to care for the disabled person. | | | | |Application: |Because of differences between cultures, patients’ behaviors and beliefs may be different from one’s own. | | | | | | |Explanatory Model | | | | |Definition: |The Explanatory Model is the belief system that people from a given culture have about what has caused their illness and what the | | |illness does to them.Patients’ beliefs about what will help cure them depend on their explanatory model. | | | | |Examples: |Examine the Explanatory Model in the following examples: | | |Example 1: A Romani patient may believe that bad luck, bad behavior or contamination has caused his illness. | | |Example 2: An Hispanic mother may believe that her child has Mal d’ojo, or has been cursed with the â€Å"evil eye. | | |Example 3: An Asian patient may believe she is having a difficult birth because of an imbalance between ho t and cold in her body. As| | |pregnancy is a â€Å"cold† condition she may request a drink of hot water, for balance. | | | | |Application: |In order to learn about your patients’ explanatory model, you may want to ask something like: â€Å"I know different people have very | | |different ways of understanding illness†¦Please help me understand how you see things. † | | | | | | | |Health Beliefs | | | | |Definition: |Patients’ beliefs about their health. Health eliefs include cultural beliefs about what causes illness, what will help illness and | | |who is best prepared to help the illness. The â€Å"Health Belief Model† as defined by Becker, postulates that patients weigh more | | |general beliefs such as whether or not they really believe they are ill and whether they believe the treatment offered by the | | |physician will offer relief, against potential disadvantages of the treatment. | | | |Examples: |Examine Health Beliefs in the follo wing examples: | | |Example 1: A mother’s health belief may involve the idea that a particular amulet will protect her daughter. | | |Example 2: Some Native American tribes health beliefs include the idea that taking a photograph of a person will rob the person of | | |his or her soul. | |Example 3: A mother may believe that her daughter doesn’t have asthma, but just coughs occasionally and that the inhaled steroids | | |are dangerous for her daughter. She may therefore decide that the potential risks of the medication outweigh the benefits. | | | | |Application: |A patient whose health belief is that his illness is a punishment for past sins may not believe that biomedical care will help him. | |He may believe that he will only get better when he atones for his sins. | | | | | | | |Social Factors | | | | |Definition: |Social Factors refer to environmental factors which affect how the family functions.These include (but are not limited to) | | |financial factors (such as socioeconomic status or type of – or lack of – insurance), logistical factors (such as transportation or | | |juggling many demands), housing, childcare and accessible health care. Social factors sometimes also include family relationships or| | |family dynamics which affect a child or family member. This often, in turn, influences emotional factors. | | | |Examples: |Some examples of Social Factors are: | | |Example 1: Some families do not buy medications that they need because they do not have insurance or cannot afford the co-pay. | | |Example 2: A child may come to clinic dirty, not because the mother doesn't care about cleanliness but because the water has been | | |off and the landlord refuses to return her phone calls. | |Example 3: A child's divorced parents may be angry at each other, causing tension in the family and interfering with the consistency| | |of his care as he moves between their homes. | | | | |Application: |It is always important to learn as m uch as you can about the social factors that affect a family. This will help you understand the | | |choices they make and the constraints they are under. | | | | | | |Acculturation | | | | |Definition: |The adoption of the behavior patterns of the dominant culture; the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive | | |structure. Acculturation is the process of acquiring a second culture.Assimilation is the process of replacing one's first culture | | |with a second culture. | | | | |Examples: |Some examples of Acculturation are: | | |Example 1: A first generation Italian who lives in an Italian enclave in he United States may continue to speak just Italian and to| | |follow the norms and mores of his Italian origins. This person will not have become highly acculturated to American culture. | | |Example 2: The granddaughter of a Chinese immigrant has gone to American schools and will now attend an American college. She spends| | |time primarily with her American frie nds, dresses as they do and shares their values and interests.She has become highly | | |acculturated into American culture. | | | | |Application: |The degree to which a patient holds the health beliefs of his country-of-origin will depend in part on how acculturated he has | | |become to American culture. |

Emerging Trends in E-Commerce Essay Example

Emerging Trends in E Emerging Trends in E-Commerce Essay Emerging Trends in E-Commerce Essay 1. Micro-payments – Among the most radical alterations in the coming months- not years- is the usage of micro-payment systems from a assortment of fiscal houses. e. g. . Paypal. Visa. WesternUnion. among others. including Bankss. This tendency is facilitated by the W3C working group that approved these protocols and proficient criterions for the interworking. These systems will alter non merely how we carry money but how we value money and believe about purchases. ( See how a purchase of $ 4. 99 feels in a nomadic app shop vs. at Dunkin’ Donuts. ) Payment systems that make it easier to purchase online. coupled with nomadic engineerings will speed up the use of planetary e-commerce applications. 2. Mobile technologies – More people entree the Internet on their Mobile devices than on any other device. We are quickly nearing the clip ( if we are non already at that place ) where designs must be created for the nomadic Web foremost. and for the desktop second. Mobile engineerings facilitate comparing shopping ; with the coming of barcode reader apps and price-comparison databases. a consumer could snarl a saloon codification in Walmart and rapidly cite merchandise reappraisals and monetary values on walmart. com ( or compare monetary values with Walmart rivals ) . Mobile engineerings besides facilitate impulse bargains – particularly with the coming of micro-payments tied to the nomadic device. Just late. Starbucks clients can non merely put an order with their Smartphone. but besides make a purchase. 3. Social media – As Facebook has become the most visited site on the Web. the function of societal media. including Facebook and its local ringers such as Twitter. is progressively of import. Social media sites progressively act as points of entry to e-commerce sites. and frailty versa. as e-commerce sites build evaluation. trueness and referral systems tied to societal media. Group purchasing ( e. g. . Groupon ) is besides deriving mainstream land. with many deal of the day sites viing for an progressively savvy consumer base. but betterments lie in front as the societal facets and user experience are refined. 4. Fulfillment options – I believe that users will desire to hold multiple fulfilments and return options when interacting with a seller: ship to turn to. courier. pick-up in shop. return to hive away. etc. Having many fulfilment options is how clients view their overall client experience. Some companies have made a concern proposition online by being exceeding in service to the on-line channel ( e. g. . Zappos ) . 5. Global handiness – Increasingly. consumers want the handiness to purchase merchandises from foreign sites and have them delivered locally. Thus. currency and imposts will be of turning concern to many on-line retail merchants. Along with this. there will be concerns with local privateness Torahs and limitations on related informations aggregation and storage. 6. Localization – While the tendency is to globalise. what’s frequently more of import is to place. User Centric’s research clearly shows that sites that feel’ local – with proper imagination. linguistic communication. time/date. weights/measures. currency. etc. – resonate far more than sites that seem culturally distant or unfertile. 7. Customizability – Consumers want control. and want to be able to plan the inside informations of the points they purchase. 8. Time-based handiness – Some of the hottest and most successful sites are those that have a time-critical response constituent. Sites like Groupon. Gilt and others capitalize on the perceptual experience of limited-time handiness. Making a sense of urgency thrusts traffic and purchase behaviour.

Wuthering Heights Essay Example

Wuthering Heights Essay Example Wuthering Heights Essay Wuthering Heights Essay Essay Topic: Wuthering Heights Heathcliff is not inherently evil, but rather he is a victim of the judgement and social prejudices of Victorian Society. Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights explores the deep romantic connection between Catherine Linton and the dark-skinned gypsy, Heathcliff and the effect their supernatural relationship has on their heirs. Initially, through Nellys interpretation, Heathcliff is seen as the villain of the novel unjustifiably upsetting the lives of the novels most innocent characters. However, on deeper analysis of Nellys unreliable story, it becomes evident that Heathcliffs satanic actions stem from his deprivation of love and sympathy. As well as societys assumption that he is merely more than an imp from Satan. Heathcliffs villainous actions stem from his lack of love and sympathy as a child. Found as good as dumb in the streets of Liverpool Heathcliff experiences neglect from an early age. Not even after being found by Mr Earnshaw who took to Heathcliff strangely petting him up far above Cathy does Heathcliff ever experience belonging. Through his childhood at Wuthering Heights Heathcliff has to stand Hindleys abuse and be forced to live like a servant after Mr Earnshaws death. This treatment he receives as a child reflects on the way he treats the other characters in the novel, in particular Hareton, who is Heathcliffs opportunity for revenge on Hindley. Hareton is treated by Heathcliff in much the same way as Heathcliff was treated by Hindley after Earnshaws death. Heathcliff reduces Hareton to a state of complete dependence on his fathers inveterate enemy; and lives in his own house as a servant. Though his treatment of Hareton is terrible, it is the only treatment Heathcliff knows. Unlike Hindley, Heathcliff is aware of his treatment, describing Hareton as the ghost of my immortal love; of my wild endeavours to hold my right; my degradation, my pride, my happiness and my anguish. Heathcliffs ability to recognise the similarities between him and Hareton shows his less satanic side and proves that he is not the creator of evil but rather the victim of it. Heathcliffs intense love for Catherine is behind most of his evil actions. Heathcliff falls passionately in love with Catherine and she, too, is passionately in love with Heathcliff claiming hes more myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same. However Cathys want of social advancement separates her and Heathcliff as she believes it would degrade me to marry Heathcliff. It is ultimately Catherines connection with Edgar that divides the pair and induces Heathcliffs evil nature. Through Catherines marriage Heathcliff is denied the only love he has ever had which causes him to deny others of love. Catherines daughter, Cathy explains this when she states Mr Heathcliff, you have nobody to love you; and, however miserable you make us, we shall still have the revenge of thinking that your cruelty arises from your greater misery. Heathcliffs greatest misery is the death of Catherine, which intensifies his malicious treatment of Isabella and is the reason for the forced marriage of Linton and Cathy, as they can provide him with money. Without his love all Heathcliff has for fulfilment is money and power over the other characters, this is shown when he insists Cathy return to Wuthering Heights merely so he can have his children about me. However this does not make Heathcliff evil, his occasionally satanic actions are merely a cause of his separation from his only love. The fury of Heathcliffs revenge is the equal and opposite reaction to the intensity of is love, his ability to love proves that he is not an imp of Satan but lonely like the devil, and envious like him. Heathcliffs actions mirror the way the other characters in Wuthering Heights expect him to act. The Victorian Society from which Wuthering Heights is set is highly preoccupied with image and reputation obtained at birth. So therefore Heathcliff, an orphan with no last name, is seen to society as having no social class. From the moment Heathcliff enters the Earnshaw household he is stereotyped as a gypsy brat and a foulmouthed thief, facing torment and abuse from Hindley on a regular basis over his heritage. The other characters in the novel constantly expect him to be doing wrong, and once Catherine deserts him he gives in to their stereotyping. Heathcliff lives up to the expectation that he is a venomous serpent and a mad dog, and commits evil actions because no one expects any different from him. This is shown when Catherine is taken in by the Lintons and Mrs Linton refers to Heathcliff as a wicked boy Quite unfit for a decent house! Heathcliff responds to this comment by recommencing the cursing that caused him to be named a wicked boy and proving to Mrs Linton that he is as he is stereotyped, an urchin from Liverpool. Though Nelly tries to convince the reader otherwise, Heathcliff was not always as devilish as he would stand Hindleys blows without winking or shedding a tear. Heathcliff gives the reader no indication of wanting revenge or causing harm until years after his introduction to the Earnshaw family. This proves that Heathcliff does not enter Wuthering Heights with the intention of causing harm, but rather the constant stereotyping and the expectation that he is as an evil gypsy causes him to become a fierce, pitiless, wolfish man. Heathcliff is a victim of social prejudice rather than a fiend from hell. As Wuthering Heights progresses so too does our understanding of Heathcliff and the complexity of his nature. Though initially Nellys interpretation causes the reader to see Heathcliff as inherently evil, a deeper analysis of his character proves otherwise. Heathcliff is mistreated and denied love and sympathy from an early age which causes him to act in a satanic manner with no regard for the feeling of others. Heathcliffs nature is mainly influenced from his lack of love, his intense feelings for Catherine and societies expectations.

The Philosophical Naturalism Of David Hume Essay

The Philosophical Naturalism Of David Hume - Essay Example Humes influence is evident in the works of quite a lot of other philosophers, among whom are: Adam Smith, Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, Charles Darwin, and Thomas Henry Huxley. The diverseness of these writers shows what they gleaned from reading Hume; it reflects not only the richness of their sources but also the wide range of Humes empiricism. Contemporary philosophers recognize Hume as one of the most thoroughgoing exponents of philosophical naturalism. David Hume sought to develop more fully the consequences of Locke's cautious empiricism by applying the scientific methods of observation to a study of human nature itself. He was of the opinion that we cannot rely on the common-sense pronouncements of popular superstition, which illustrate human conduct without offering any illumination, nor can we achieve any genuine progress by means of abstract metaphysical speculation, which imposes a spurious clarity upon profound issues- that we are entirely unjustified in thinking that we can ever know anything about matters of fact. He thought that the alternative is to reject all easy answers; employing the negative results of philosophical skepticism as a legitimate place to start. Hume felt that since human beings live and function in the world, we should try to observe how they do so. The key principle to be applied to any investigation of our cognitive capacities is, then, an attempt to discover the causes of human belief. According to Hume, the proper goal of philosophy is simply to explain why we believe what we do. His own attempt to achieve that goal was the focus of Book I of his book, the Treatise of Human Nature and all of the first Enquiry.

The effects of digital marketing on the buying behaviour of the Dissertation

The effects of digital marketing on the buying behaviour of the consumers - Dissertation Example The research was conducted on the effects of digital marketing on the buying behaviour of the consumers. The research reveals that in today’s fast-paced technological environment, the digital media is playing a pivotal role in influencing the young adults of UAE. This is because the have now started purchasing online and thus are more knowledgeable about global markets. Today the consumer can make smart choices by instant comparison of prices and product features online and thus is not easily fooled. Moreover he is more aware of the prices and promotions that take place. Thus digital media has made the buyer savvier. The research was conducted on young adults having a mobile and familiar with Internet. A total of 1000 subjects were approached in Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Sharjah. However, only 884 of them gave valid responses. The research was conducted using the questionnaire as a research tool. The findings reveal that the consumers consider the online shopping and digital media as a parallel medium and traditional shopping and marketing is not entirely replaced and the results indicate that it may not be replaced in the near future. Though online buying has its advantages yet consumers hesitate because of security issues, inability to interact with the product before purchase and delivery time. Recommendations like making credit card shopping more secure, incorporating online marketing and purchase an essential part of the UAE culture, more online exclusive discounts should be given and lastly he media firms should increase awareness of digital media and marketing. Table of Contents Chapter 1-Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Research background 1 1.3 Purpose of the research 1 1.4 Research methodology 2 1.5 Aims and Objectives 3 1.6 Report Layout 4 1.7 Limits of Validity 5 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Literature review 6 2.2 Human Needs and Wants 7 2.3 Theory of Reasoned Action 7 2.4 Consumer Characteristics 8 2.4.1 Cultural Characteristics 8 2.4.1.1 Culture 8 2.4.1.2 Subculture 8 2.4.1.3 Social Class 9 2.4.2 Social Characteristics 10 2.4.2.1 Reference Group 10 2.4.2.2 Family 10 2.4.2.3 Roles and Status 10 2.4.3 Personal characteristics 11 2.4.3.1 The Age and Life-Cycle Stage 11 2.4.3.2 Occupation 11 2.4.3.3 The Economic Situation 11 2.4.3.4 Lifestyle 12 2.4.3.5 Personality 12 2.4.4 Psychological Characteristics 12 2.5 Online Consumer Characteristics 13 2.5.1 Cultural Characteristics of an Online Buyer 13 2.5.2 Social Characteristics of an Online Buyer 13 2.5.3 Personal Characteristics of an Online Buyer 13 2.5.4 Psychological Online Characteristics 14 2.5.4.1 Perception 14 2.5.4.2 Personality 15 2.5.4.3 Attitude 15 2.5.4.4 Emotions 15 2.6 SWOT ANALYSIS 15 2.6.1 Strengths 15 2.6.2 Weaknesses 17 2.6.3 Opportunities 18 2.6.4 Threats 18 2.7 Psychological Characteristics of Online Buyers 18 2.7.1 Egocentric 19 2.7.2 Impatient 20 2.7.3 Impulsive 20 2.7.4 Educated 20 2.7.5 Informed 20 2.7.6 Thrifty 21 2.7.7 Private 21 2.7.8 Cautious 21 2.7.9 Pleasure-driven 21 2.8 Online Shopping Cart Abandonment 22 2.9 Global Trends in Online Shopping: A Nielsen Global Consumer Report - June 2010 24 2.9.1 Online Shopping Around the World - Regional round up: Middle East, Africa and Pakistan: 25 Chapter 3-Methodology 26 3.1 Introduction 26 3.2 Role of the researcher 27 3.3 The design of the research 28 3.4 Sampling 30 3.5 Conducting the research 30 3.6 Research tool-the questionnaire design 32 3.7 Questionnaire method 33 3.8 Type of data collected 33 3.9 Procedure of collecting the data 34 3.10 Trustworthiness of the methodology used 34 3.10.1 Reliability 34 3.10.2 Validity 35 3.10.3 Ethical Validity 35 3.10.4 Generalized validity 35 Chapter 4- Data analysis 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 The change brought about by digital marketing in the buying behaviour 37 4.3 The way digital marketing influences buyers 41 4.4 To understand consumer’s attitude towards interactive digital marketing 44 5.Conclusion 53 5.1Introduction 53 5.2 Conclusio n 53 5.2 Scope of the research 56 5.3 Recommendations 57 5.3.1 Safety issues 57

Facebook - The Question of Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Facebook - The Question of Privacy - Essay Example Users of the Facebook website vary from individuals who post profiles with photographs and videos freely to the other end of the spectrum, those who post, but secure their profiles out of fear that their personal information is at risk (Sutherland). A contradiction exists in regards to perspectives on privacy. People want to feel safe on the Internet, going to great lengths to minimize their â€Å"cyber footprint† (Changing Ways), from removing their contact information from directories to complaining about â€Å"their houses being visible on Google Earth† (Grayling). Yet, millions of other people cannot spend a single day without Internet-access, informing the world of their every action via Twitter and updating their Facebook status with their every thought, a plethora of photographs and personal details. Perhaps the attraction is in the projection of an ideal or image rather than conveying truth (Grayling). That said, Grayling implies websites like Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, chat rooms, and other blog sites, may not be extinguishing users’ privacy as much as people think.... For example, users are now prompted to accept the Facebook terms and conditions when opening an application for the first time, granting the application developer access to personal contact information from the user’s personal profile. This change is geared toward one of Facebook’s largest company initiatives for 2011—e-commerce (Townsend). Although users are prompted to accept or decline the granting of access to personal information when the permission box pops up, it is unlikely that users will read the new terms. Townsend suggests most Internet users have been trained to bypass the fine print and get to the bottom line, clicking anything necessary to get them to what they were initially trying to do. Facebook cannot be blamed for users failing to read the fine print, can they? Based on Townsend’s research on the subject of privacy and recent changes made by the company, it seems Facebook is focusing on profiting from the personal information of its use rs. The value of contact information and personal details that are provided on the website so freely serves as one of the company’s â€Å"greatest potential revenue streams for the future† (Townsend). While Facebook is protecting itself by adding new terms to the permission box that pops up when users access developer applications, it may not only be Facebook benefiting from the personal details being transmitted. Townsend describes rogue applications that are intended to farm user information by pretending to be something they are not. Facebook claims to carefully monitor scams (â€Å"Facebook†) such as faux applications that gain access to users information in this manner, but it could take several days before the application is caught and eliminated; meaning countless users at the hands

Leadership Essay Example for Free

Leadership Essay 1.Leadership as a process, is the use of no coercive influence to shape the group’s or organization’s goals, motivate behavior toward the achievement of those goals, and help define group or organizational culture; as a property, the set of characteristics attributed to individuals who are perceived to be leaders. 2.General Mandible is not a leader because he does not motivate the ants to achieve the colony’s goal, unless the goal was for all the ants to drown and die. He leaves all the ants to drown at the end of the movie. Leaders stick with the team all the way and do not try to kill their own team. 3.Zee is a leader because in a crises moment he does not get scared. At the end of the movie when all the ants are about to drown, he motivates all of them to build a ladder to the top, and his plan ends up saving all the ants. He is able to use nonaggressive force to motivate the ants. 4.The quote â€Å"Individualism makes us vulnerable† applies to ants where one ant alone is weak and small and can’t do much, but all the ants together can do anything. Like it takes all the ants to make the ladder at the end of the movie saving them from drowning, it is crucial to their survival that they stick together. This mostly applies everywhere, being in a team is better than being alone. 5.The Power Position is the physical position in the room for a business meeting, which supposedly has the most power. The leader in this position where he can see all entrances to the room and no activity is going on behind him. Three types of position power are: Legitimate Power- Power granted through the organizational hierarchy; it is the power defined by the organization that is to be accorded people occupying particular positions. Reward Power- The power to give or withhold rewards, such as salary increases, bonuses, promotions, praise, recognition, and interesting job assignments. Coercive Power- The power to force compliance by means of psychological, emotional, or physical threat. 6.A scene from the movie that illustrates the use of position power is when General Mandible is discussing about the colony with the Queen and the Queen tell him he can do whatever he likes because she trusts him that he will do everything for the good of the colony. She has legitimate power granted through the hierarchy, but then the General abuses his power and the works start to work hard because they don’t want to deal with the General because he uses Coercive Power. 7.Personal power is the power that comes from within to influence other it has nothing to do with the persons position. Two types of personal power are: Referent Power- The personal power that accrues to someone based on identification, imitation, loyalty or charisma. Expert Power- The person

Grand Slam Record! :: essays research papers

Grand slam record falls again Click here for more on this story Posted: Sunday May 21, 2000 07:35 PM Jason Giambi crushed a 3-1 pitch over the right-center field wall for his 17th homer of the season and fifth career grand slam. AP NEW YORK (AP) -- Baseball had its grandest day ever. Less than one year after the first five grand-slam day in major league history, there were six hit Sunday. Anaheim's Garrett Anderson hit the record-breaker with two outs in the third inning off Kansas City's Chris Fussell. J.T. Snow of San Francisco, Brian Hunter of Philadelphia, Jason Giambi of Oakland, and Los Angeles' Adrian Beltre and Shawn Green connected with the bases loaded earlier in the day, bettering the record set last Aug. 9. It was the first time the Dodgers had two grand slams in a game since Aug. 23, 1985, when Pedro Guerrero and Mariano Duncan did it against Montreal. The Brooklyn Dodgers also had two slams in a game in 1901 in Cincinnati. "It is exciting to be a part of history," Green said. "Especially with the Dodgers and their illustrious past." Beltre hit his first career slam in the fifth inning off Jesus Sanchez in Los Angeles' 12-3 win over the Florida Marlins. Green capped the Dodgers' grand day with a bases-loaded shot in a seven-run ninth inning off Antonio Alfonseca. Slams were part of an even bigger inning in Milwaukee, when Snow capped an 11-run sixth inning with his shot off Valerio De Los Santos. The Giants beat the Brewers 16-10. Hunter, who entered the game in a 3-for-24 slump, hit his third career grand slam in the third inning off Colorado's Masato Yoshii, accounting for all of Philadelphia's runs in a 4-3 victory. "I've been struggling so any hit was going to be a big one for me," he said. "But a grand slam, that's pretty big at any time.

China’s IT Industry in 1997

A series of strange symptoms of poisoning appeared on a girl Zhu Lin unexpectedly: hair lost, muscles on the face paralyzed, limbs weakened, and words slurred. No one can tell what is the cause. Life is in danger! One of her classmates emailed for help on Internet. Fortunately, the first reply arrived in less than three hours. Afterwards, over 1,500 emails reached her. Most of the replies analysed that Zhu Lin had been thallium poisoned. It is the Internet that has saved her young life! In 1994, there were merely a few universities and institutions on Internet. Now there are over 620 thousand end users in China. The number increased four-fold in 1997 compared with the year before, still booming on an exponential curve, and is sure to go through the limit of one million. Information Technology (IT) industry has become one of the industries developing most quickly in China. Sum (billion) Increase (compared to 1996) Anticipation in 1998 Gross output value RMB 380 25%(3.6 times 1992) RMB 460 Total sales profits RMB 250 15% RMB 300 The Tel exchange capacity of China National Public Tel Net has become the second largest one in the world. Last year, the sales volume of PC broke through three million, which indicated that it had increased by sixty percent than 1996. All the above data depict an exciting success for China — a developing country. She is laboring at curtailing the gap between developed countries and herself. As the modern information technology (IT) develops rapidly with the increase of social demand, the core status of IT in the development of modern business has become more and more stable. IT can provide the information a business needs for efficient operations, effective management and competitive advantage. If information systems do not properly support the strategic objective, they can seriously damage its prospect for survival and success. For a company, out-of-date information of demand leads to an excess or insufficient output; inpromptly-attained information results in the loss of capital for the timeliness of currency, and then emerged an inefficient assignment of the resource of the whole society. At present, this kind of waste engendered by the undeveloped IT industry widely exists in all walks of life in China. It is urgent to prompt the informationalization grade of the nation. The world economy has been turning from industrial economy to information economy. P.R.C. Chairman Jiang Zeming once said, IT is the accelerator and amplifier of the national economy. Therefore, a country's information industry embodies its power. Developing IT industry becomes a world trend , and a strategic task in many countries. The informationalization degree of the developed country has reached a considerable level. In 1993, US declared â€Å"National Information Infrastructure† (NII). It is expected that by 2000 information super-highway will have connected all the schools, hospitals, libraries. Although there are over 620 thousand end users in China, but compared with the 1.2 billion population, the popularization of Internet in China is much lower than that in US. The rate between cash flow and currency gross is an important index of informationization degree of a country. The lower the proportion, the higher the informationization degree. In American, the proportion is eight percent. But in China, it has reached twenty-five percent. Eighty percent of world information resource is possessed by developed countries which have only fifteen percent of world population. Meanwhile, with eight-five percent of world population, the developing countries occupy only twenty percent of information in the world. In the developed countries such as U.S.A., it is prevalent to operate the enterprise with information flow. Intranet is being considered an effective way of dealing with information. But in many Chinese enterprises, manpower is required to transmit messages. A lot of waste and troubles follow: a considerable loss of time, insufficient or less accurate information and etc. The low degree of informationalization results from the insubstantial basis of China. In China, economic basis is weak, financial capacity is limited, and IT is far behind the developed countries. Because of the great population, there is great divergence among various areas in China. Every country desires to develop IT industry. Especially, developing countries need information innovation to promote the development of economy. But, because of the weakness of economic basis and insufficiency of financial capacity, developing countries often feel its ability is not equal to its ambition. What should be done? We have several ideas as the following: There*s an old Chinese saying â€Å"know your rival and yourself clearly, you*ll triumph every time!† So let us take a look at the pioneer of IT–US first. For about 50 years, the Americans have laid a solid foundation in the field of electronics, computer and communication. The existing network has become an embryo of information superhighways. Both had prompted President Clinton to put forward NII. In contrary to US, China now calls for the infrastructure of information products. The developing country needs the step-by-step measure. As a result, the principle of China National Information Infrastructure was born. This comprehensive and step-by-step image of Information superhighway make it possible that China will be quickly informationalized. The most beautiful picture can be drawn on pure white paper — â€Å"Skip† on technology Science is the common wealth of human being, the developing countries don*t have to build up from nothing. We can step into the first class directly by taking the existing technology. Take Japan for example. After World War ` , she stands up from ruins and almost in no time, it becomes a shining star. Which way did she take? The best in the world. China now has a good chance to learn the lessons of pioneers, she can do the simplest, the most expedient and the most flexible. For instance, China has just started to set up her own network construction. she can take the opportunity to establish the first-class frame and utilize the most advanced hardware and software. As we can see, â€Å"skip† on technology is suitable for the developing countries, A high-rise building is built from the ground An essential characteristic of IT industry is high investment and high production of additional value. However, since financial capacity is far too limited, high investment requires developing countries to select a right way leading to success. Through the course of the development of IT, we can find that, in general, IT is in the stage of growing and application from the 1980s to a long time in the future. Although Japan had great achievement on IT, from 1980s it began to develop some high-tech instead of promoting deeper application, trying to obtain monopoly profit. However, Japan ran counter to the situation of today's IT and lost its market. The failure of Japan alarms the developing countries: application should be the foundation of the strategy of IT development in developing countries. To promote the innovation, manufacture and application of basic information products, reasonable economic scale should be considered. And it is essential to develop a series of products such as PC, network servers, parallel processing computer system and etc. Cooperation by national and local government –Both central and local initiative should be brought into full play. Now China is building its national information infrastructure through â€Å"Golden Project†(1) and has completed many consequential informationization constructions such as Golden Bridge(2), Golden Card(3), Golden Customs(4), Golden Tax(5) and etc. In the meantime, local informationization projects have quickened their pace. Shanghai information harbor has consummated five information works including information exchange net, science and technology net, community net and etc. Inland provinces and districts such as Henan Province augmented 120 thousand telephone users. The IT industry has been regarded as a pillar industry in more than 20 provinces in China. Competition should be introduced in IT industry to cut down the price . The construction of long-distance trunk line is up to the central government, while local governments manage the branches. Not only big state enterprises but also small town factories should be encouraged to participate in the booming IT industry. To be scientific and strict, there must be a series of laws and regulations. Shanghai Information Harbor grows with laws which the new-born information industries are longing for â€Å"Regulations governing advertisement on the network†, â€Å"Regulations governing EDI† and â€Å"Regulations governing Internet caf*† were formulated. Effective working mode will protect the proper development of the IT industry. Unless troublesome Bill Gates turns into well-behavior or his corporation couldn*t stand firmly on the land of China. If China acts on these ideas, it*s sure to have a splendid future. The business and even the whole society will take on a new look. The telephone lines will reach each home, while the fiber optics will enter the buildings in most cities and towns. Since â€Å"Golden Project† have established the network of all kinds such as business, education, medical care and economy, most things can be done through virtual banks, virtual enterprises, virtual library and so on, even if people stay at home all the time. The advantages the business takes will be conspicuous. The administrative structure will be simplified, the staff will be reduced, the risks of cash will be diminished by EDI, an inexhaustible database will be shared by everyone and will be a strong support of decision-making. The relationships between enterprise and clientele will be as close as fish to water. IT will take the place of some jobs and at the same time, create much more occupations, which brings about that the information industry becomes the biggest industry of the country. A country can benefit a lot from its success in IT industry. Even though the developing countries lack the most advanced technology and sufficient financial support, they can also achieve the goal by attaching importance to the building of IT industry and taking on an appropriate strategy — a step-by-step Omnibus Bill and a skipping tactic of technology.

Poverty Reduction Strategy

Introduction With one-fifth of the world's population not owning land or possessions at all. Very little land. They may have no legal rights to the land they farm, or they may work as hired labor on large farms. Low incomes and rural poverty are often the result. Taking into consideration by the world's standard the average person in the world lives on less than a dollar a day. In recent years, poverty reduction continues to be a challenge in Nigeria. 69 million people, or 54% of the population, lived below the poverty line In 2004. He Nigerian government has promoted agricultural growth wrought several policies noting that agriculture â€Å"outperforms all other sectors In reducing poverty† as it is the sector responsible for the most employment, especially among the poor. These policies including; the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategies (NEEDS) and II, the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAD), the National Food Security Program (NSF ), and initiatives for crops including cassava and rice. Partly as a result of these programs, agricultural growth rates Jumped from 3. % annually In 1990-1999 to 5. 9% annually In If several agricultural subsection reach official growth targets, Nigeria will experience 9. 5% annual agricultural growth and 8. 0% annual GAP growth. Moreover, the poverty rate will be halved by 2017 Recommendation 1 Land Reforms Redistributing land to small-scale farmers can do much to reduce their poverty. When rural families have land, and secure control over that land, they are likely to grow more food and see their Incomes rise. Land security can mean food security. Land reform can increase both employment and Income.Small farms employ more people per hectare than the larger units, often to the benefit of the landless and unemployed. And owning land means that family farmers often secure the bank credit that was previously denied them. Nonetheless, land reform is achieving much, especially when it is community-driven and tailored to local conditions and when it puts the poor at the forefront of the process. The Rural Poverty Report 2001 stresses the particular Importance of Glenn women more control over land as this would give them more power in the community and reduce their vulnerability within the household.Dividing large farms into smaller units often means that more food is produced per hectare. This is happening in a number of countries and Nigeria is no exception. Gender disparity in legal rights: exacerbating women's vulnerability In both the indigenous customary law, women are considered minors. This means that women?in law, and often In practice?do not control or own major assets, particularly land. This fundamental Imbalance In the property rights of men and women leads to gender differences in the pattern of poverty. De facto female headed households (I. E. Here a male co-head is nonresident for large parts of the year) have the highest core poverty levels of any household type. Labor-intensive Labor-intensive agriculture has significant growth and poverty-reduction potential: The small plots under present yields and methods of cultivation cannot provide earnings from farming, households may find it advantageous to switch to higher valued crops, such as market vegetables or perennial products, instead of cultivating predominantly maize, as at present. Those who stay in maize can also achieve higher yields than at present.Research elsewhere in Africa has produced evidence that the growth potential from smallholder centralization and exploitation of comparative advantage can also generate considerable multiplier effects on local incomes. As more small farmers commercialism they create demand for small farming implements, hired labor (backward linkages) and trading services, small transport, local consumer goods, and so on (forward linkages) which stimulate local labor demand. Both the initial and subsequent rounds of growth through demand link ages are labor-intensive and can be accessible to poorer households. Improved equity and efficiency in public education spending Country-wide, over 50 percent of the people who live in households headed by people with no education live in poverty. In contrast, the poverty ratio is halved for people in households whose heads have obtained some secondary education. This suggests that higher incomes are related to more education and that ensuring affordability of primary and secondary education for the poor is thus an investment with high returns for society and the household.Improved equity and efficiency in public education spending will lead to better outcomes?at a lower cost?for both poor households and the Government. 4 Enabling the Growth of Smallholder Agriculture: Smallholder agricultural centralization will need to be a central element of the poverty reduction and growth strategy of Nigeria. This emphasis is consistent with Insignia's comparative advantage in labor-intensive s ectors and location near a major port.There is scope for expansion, diversification and intensification to access export markets, through centralization of agriculture into high value crops such as vegetables, perennials, etc. And through the related multiplier effects and demand linkages. The capacity of rural areas to boost incomes is expected to increase, educing pressures on urban labor markets and services. Focusing public efforts on removing impediments to agricultural growth is thus a priority for reducing poverty in all of Nigeria.This bottom-up development approach is critically contingent, however, on cataloging and protecting investments for small farmers on Sways Nation Land. This requires: Rural land tenure reform to assure more secure property rights to small farmers. Promoting more sustainable cattle grazing management. Promoting small-scale financial savings and credit mechanisms in rural areas. Implementation of Policies l. Outlining a Poverty Reduction Strategy A n ew, equitable and dynamic pattern of growth and human development is required for a serious poverty reduction agenda in Nigeria.Unless public action is undertaken to remove major structural constraints to labor-intensive development, however, livelihoods are expected to continue stagnation and poverty to worsen further. The analysis of poverty can be used to identify priority areas for action. This agenda for reform will require courage, vision and sensitivity on the part of the country's leaders. Basic themes of a poverty reduction strategy for Swaziland are reposed below: 2 Ensuring Effective Human Development Investments: productive assets in which a country can invest.To facilitate higher productivity of labor, lower fertility and greater mobility of labor in these changing labor markets, the quality, relevance and affordability of basic education and health levels of service most accessed by the poor needs to be improved. A structural shift in the public spending pattern is nee ded to focus on primary and secondary education levels rather than academic tertiary levels, and on preventive, core health services rather than curative services.Priorities should focus on: Parameterization of education spending towards quality and efficiency at primary and secondary levels. Improving skills matching to labor market needs. Expanding early childhood development programs for poor communities. Emphasizing a primary and preventive health service. 3 Insuring the Poor against Major Risks: Nigerian poor continue to be highly vulnerable to major shocks and to be locked in poverty traps because of excessive uninsured risk.Public action needs to be selective, preventive and targeted where possible to reduce the economic limitability of the poor to the major risks. A public social protection program with the following priorities could have the most cost-effective impact in reducing the vulnerability of the poorest of the poor in Nigeria: Cross-sectarian, multi-level response to AIDS; Drought preparedness; Legal reform to provide equal rights to women; and Safety nets which are primarily work-based and self-targeted. Accountability, Information and the Poor A more coordinated approach to local development efforts?based on accountability of local government structures to the community and better monitoring of poverty information?is essential for improving economic management and poverty reduction efforts.Poverty information is very limited The Government, Nags, donors, and others have identified the lack of data on poverty trends and their determinants as a major constraint to establishing greater poverty focus in policy formulation. There is also no clear institutional framework for coordinating data generated by different institutions. Such data and an institutional structure to channel information to policy-makers and community organizations could facilitate social debate and prepare the groundwork for enacting reform.Strengthening Institutions to Incr ease the Poverty Impact of Policies: Finally, the speed and effectiveness with which the public policy framework can orchestrate this transformation can be improved by governance structures which are accountable to communities and with ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the ways in which growth dynamics are affecting the poor?both positively and negatively. Priority should be attached to: Institutional mechanisms which ensure poverty planning at central level; Local level coordination and community participation; and Establishment and use of a poverty monitoring and analysis system.

The Meaning of Citizenship in A Democratic Nation †History Essay

The Meaning of Citizenship in A Democratic Nation – History Essay Free Online Research Papers The Meaning of Citizenship in A Democratic Nation History Essay The meaning of citizenship depends of course, on what context that it is used in most democratic countries it is associated with civil and not religious or moral rights that advocate the rights of freedom of exchange, belief and choice. It is generally accepted that contemporary citizenship theory started in Britain with TH Marshall in post-WWII. Were Marshall divided citizenship into three sets of citizen rights. Civil rights, which developed in the eighteenth-century which included free speech, access to the legal system, rights to a fair trail, and rights of contract and property. Political rights which included the extension of the vote, the right to hold office were developed in the nineteenth-century, (but only for men). Social rights that were formed in the twentieth-century and are entitlements to social security when faced with unemployment, sickness, and other forms of hardship this is when the welfare state made its appearance (TH Marshall, Citizenship and social class. 1950: 46). It is the role of the welfare state and the social rights of people that we will be more concerned with here. So what was the thinking behind the development of the welfare state, the most obvious answer is that it was intended to provide for a greater level of equality among classes, and a protection for those who were worst hit by the excesses of capitalism. This is however a debatable point. Brian Abel Smith argued that the welfare states â€Å"were never intended as great institutions of equality† and that they â€Å"did not intend to try to create a more equal society, but to establish a floor of protection at the bottom† (Brian Abel Smith, The major problems of the welfare state. 1985: 32). In many ways, the concept of a welfare state is the peak of a social democracy, seemingly balancing the benefits of capitalism and socialism without the extremes of either. The theory seems to be almost perfect, with the state playing a large role in the area of social policy, working to alleviate the problems and inequalities created by the capitalist market economy. This seems to be supported by the fact that all the earliest reforms related to social insurance were set up for those who were injured in the workplace. It would appear that the rationale behind the welfare states varies depending on which political ideology that one subscribes to. For conservatives, the welfare state was a way of avoiding unrest among the poorer classes and a means of maintaining political stability. Liberals believed that it was simply a means of solving the problems of an unequal and illiberal society, and of the victims of that society. While socialists believed that it was merely a step in the right direction towards the ultimate goal of a classless society (David Held, Models of democracy. 1996: 235-236). Apart from the political ideologies the welfare state can be seen as a result of the merging of the new capitalist system and the new mass democracies in which citizens were politically active. In essence it was an attempt to compromise the beliefs of the ca pitalist ruling class with the rest of society (Flora Heidenheimer, The historical core and changing boundaries of the welfare state. 1981: 22). This was the reality of the welfare state, an institution which tried to resolve the conflicts within the class-based society. The first stage came in the 1920s, which was a period of social experimentation (Hecio, Towards a new welfare state. 1981: 386-387). It was during this period that the institutions of the welfare state were created. Social insurance was instituted, and advances in the fields of health and education provisions were made. The second stage was one of consolidation between the 1930s and 1940s. This stage was the inevitable follow-on from the period of experimentation. Many of the ideas which had been put forward in the first period were revolutionary and challenged the relationship between the state and its citizenry. While the second period allowed for a consolidation of the achievements that had been made, it was also a time in which the seeds were sown for the huge expansion in social rights that were to come. In the immediate post-WWII period, Britain was in the process of constructing its social welfare system. Marshall was attempting to justify the national provision of social benefits. He focused on the major contradiction between formal political equality and individual freedom, on the one hand, and the significant social and economic inequality on the other (Bryan Turner, Outline of a theory of citizenship. 1992: 48-51). This paved the way for the future expansion of the welfare state. This expansion came in the years between the 1950s and the mid-1970s. After World War II, the amount government spending that was spent on social policy soared. There were a number of reasons for this firstly, there was an increase in the number of dependants within society, a rise in the number of the elderly, which increased the cost of maintaining health care and pensions. The other major reason was that this period was one of unprecedented economic growth and thus finding the funds to pay for thes e services was possible. However by the late 1970s the welfare state had come under severe pressure and its very existence was in question. How did this come about only a few years after its halcyon days? Basically, the expansion of the welfare state was too much too soon. Were the expansion of social rights that existed during a period of economic prosperity simply could not be maintained in a time of recession. With a fall in economic growth and a rise in unemployment increased pressure was put on the welfare state. The funds that were there during the good times dried up and states started to question the costs involved. There was a genuine feeling that the investment in the future security of society, on which the welfare state was founded, was seriously threatening its economic security (Hecio, 1981: 400). As the level of government indebtedness rose, people began to resent paying out for services that were formally their entitlements and the sense of solidarity and consensus of the post-war period bega n to wither. Indeed there are now some grave concerns over the future of the welfare state. Dismayed at the very high levels of persistent unemployment, and constrained by the monetary policies of the EU, many policymakers are thinking that a developed, welfare state is no longer possible within a global economy (David Held, 1996: 251). Hecio lists three main reasons for the decline in the welfare state and its impact on the social rights of citizens: pointing to high costs, ineffective spending and the over-regulation of the welfare system (Hecio, 1981: 399-400). The social rights that most people enjoyed and have come to depend on in times of prosperity do not hold up in times of hardship. It goes without saying that it is the most vulnerable of people in society that are worst affected when the social safety net is removed. Given the growth of social exclusion it is not surprising that many writers on social citizenship are concerned about the deindustrialisation, and the spreading of inequalities. Increasingly, conservatives as well as moderates are emphasising the obligations of people, and not their rights or entitlements. Dahrendrof, believed that citizenship is a body of rights and duties a status that defines full membership of a society; that by very its definition is removed from the whims of the market. Although there are obligations that all citizen should and must obey such as the law, taxes, etc, but these obligations have be limited so as not to infringe on either personal or civil rights. Dahrendorf argued that the most tangible evidence concerning the loss of citizen entitlements can be seen in the development of an underclass in the wealthy OECD states (Ralf Dahrendorf, The changing quality of citizenship 1994: 10-19). These groups are the long-term unemployed, the persistent poor, disa dvantaged and ethnic groups and refugees that have fallen through the safety net. Another failing of the state is that the welfare state has done little to make Europe a classless society. Indeed, instead of abolishing inequalities it has perpetuated them: the extension of many benefits and payments to large sectors of the middle class during the expansionary period did little to improve the relative life chances of the working class. On the charge that the welfare state is over-regulated, we need only look at the size of the bureaucracies established to run the system for its verification. These organisations have become detached from the people whose needs they are supposed to represent. A â€Å"them and us† mentality has developed with the welfare state being seen as faceless, and the recipients being seen as charity cases. As Turner noted, citizenship, despite the claim of universality excludes as well as incorporates. Social citizenship requires equality but is incompatible with individualism since equality requires a bureaucracy and in turn that bureaucracy destroys individualism (Bryan Turner, Citizenship and social theory. 1994: 24-29). Taken together, the failings of the system represent near fatal flaws and explain the decline of the welfare state and its effect on the rights of citizenship. A number of theorists have focused on a more expansive definition of citizenship. In part, its emphasis is due to the various developments of capitalism. Prior theories assumed that developing capitalism necessarily corresponded with modernisation, which argue that economic rights are part of the larger struggle for citizenship. This assumption can no longer be considered to be completely true, as capitalism can flourish under traditional societies and settings (Turner, 1992: 24). Furthermore, in post-industrial societies, there is deindustrialisation, deskilling, and continued inequality and poverty. Finally, there are some counter-trends of growing nationalism and ethnic conflict, on the one hand, and globalisation on the other. In response to these mixed trends, writers on citizenship take different ideological viewpoints, ranging from basic human rights, as in what people have rights to, because of what they share in common as human beings. To human identities that are deeply imbedded in community, to common agency, rights, understandings and shared purposes (Martin Bulmer, Anthony Rees, Citizenship Today. 1996: 79-83). Turner defines citizenship in a sociological context as a set of practices: juridical, political, economic and cultural that define a person as a competent member of a society and which as a consequence shape the flow of resources to people and social groups. The emphasis here is very much on practices. Indeed, citizenship changes historically as a consequence of political struggles for better access to life’s chances. Thus defined, citizenship is centrally concerned with inequality, power, and social class; it is inevitably bound up with the problem of the unequal distribution of resources. Therefore, citizenship is essentially concerned about the nature of social membership within modern political collectives, in short, social movements. Turner focuses on the spaces within capitalist economies for the growth of social movements seeking citizenship rights. There is considerable variation in contemporary capitalism, thus, the real changes in capitalism will come through the democratic process. Gradual changes in consumption, welfare, will come more as a consequence of collective resistance and pressure to improve conditions and expand the civil rights of minorities (Turner, 1992: 44). He argues that welfare rights are more than merely a pacifier for class differences rather they have fundamentally transformed the nature of the class struggle itself. The condition of the working class has improved immensely over the last century, despite the persistent of inequalities. There is the emergence of new classes and the ambiguous location of the middle classes, the changing nature of class consciousness and class imagery. Turner sees multiple social movements, minorities, feminists, and the aged. Although Turner believed that class was important, he believed that it was not the complete story (Turner, Citizenship and capitalism. 1986: 105). Conclusion Hugh Hecio believed that a transformation is taking place with the idea of social inclusiveness. Despite gaps and inconsistencies, the prevailing ideology during the twentieth-century was to expand the circle of people who were considered to be equal in terms of life goals and aspirations. Marshalls concept of social citizenship was not only to reduce poverty but to make society more equal and just. It was an expression of solidarity a sense of citizenship. The concept of social solidarity, the recognition of individual dignity, expressed a defining aspiration a presumption of inclusion that was a remarkable and unique development. In contrast to earlier generations that routinely accepted and defended exclusionary practices, in the post-WWII, the moral sense had changed. To be sure, there were gaps and inconsistencies in the ideal, but they were not endorsed. The overall goal of the post-WWII social welfare state was the economic security of the family. The nation state was the appropriate political organization to achieve these goals. Those assumptions are now being questioned, as a normal working life is no longer assured, especially for the most vulnerable in society. Nations are no longer in control of their economies. Global economic forces and cross border migrations are threatening state welfare programs. Instead of the protection and reconciliation of individual diversity in the common community, there is the reassertion of local political and economic interests, and ethnic and racial identities. The concept of inclusion is increasingly contested. As the economies of both the US and Western Europe continue to produce growing inequalities, increased social divisions, and continues to threatening universal citizen rights. Bibliography Abel Smith, Brian (1985) The major problems of the welfare state: defining the issues. In Eisenstadt Ahimer [eds] The welfare state and its aftermath. London: Croom Helm. Bulmer, Martin Anthony Rees (1996) Citizenship Today: The Contemporary Relevance of TH Marshall. London: UCL Press. Dahrendorf, Ralf (1994) The changing quality of citizenship. In van Steenbergen, Bart [ed] (1994) The condition of citizenship. London: Sage. Flora, P AJ Heidenheimer (1981) The historical core and changing boundaries of the welfare state. In P Flora AJ Heidenheimer [eds] The development of the welfare state in Europe. London: McCroom Helm. Hecio, H (1981) Towards a new welfare state. In Flora Heidenheimer [ed] The development of the welfare state in Europe. London: McCroom Helm. Held, David (1996) Models of democracy. Cambridge, Polity Press. Marshall, Thomas (1950) Citizenship and social class. Cambridge: Pluto Press. Turner, Bryan (1986) Citizenship and capitalism: the debate over reformism. London: Allen and Unwin. Turner, Bryan (1992) Outline of a theory of citizenship. In Mouffe, Chantal [ed] (1992) Dimensions of radical democracy: pluralism, citizenship, community. London: Verso. Turner, Bryan [ed] (1994) Citizenship and social theory. London: Sage. 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