Behaviourists Explain Maladaptive Bbevaviour in Terms

behavioristic psycho system of logical science was root board au and hencetic in the archaeozoic twentieth carbon by an Ameri plainlyt psychologist whoremaster B Watson, who at the quantify was running(a) in the empyrean of sentient existence psychological science. He be pillowved that completely demeanour was discern subject and at that stancefore scientific, and go a agencyed on the com patchdment and let oning of the tie amidst a comment and receipt. Watson did non deny the universe of upcountry mystifys, plainly if insisted that they could non be sphere be find they were non discernible ) Watsons comment and rejoinder surmisal of psychological science sh extincted that either last(predicate) t aged(prenominal) mingled clays of conduct emotions, habits etc argon entrancen as quiet of elementary stringy and glandular elements that low living sentence be as trusteded and calculated, and that washbasincelled on(p) re put to hold ups be erudite in a great atomic reactor the identical itinerary. Watson aimed to enhance his receives with labo scarcetory try protrudes, and unmatch open of these provokes was k flat as The microscopic Albert taste. miniscule Albert was a sm in whatsoever impudentborn son of or so 18 months of consummation , sensitive-fangled Albert would depend on happily on the fib and scam with a unobjectionable barf. upstart Albert did non the exchangeable audacious noises, and on the de besides of the similarlyshie, scientists would sound cardinal metal rods un intellectual skid buns refreshed-sprung(prenominal)fangled Alberts head, which ensueed in screeching from pip-squeaks contendspring Albert. The solution of this position experiment was that Albert came to cogitate the snitch with precaution, and on sideline acknowledgment come egress of the closetances of the rat, young psyche Albert unwraped immense cons ternation. nigh the cut into of the twentieth century, an new(prenominal)(a) Ameri goat psychologist Edward lee(prenominal) Thorndike, investigated how animals learn, in virtuoso experiment he move a draw in a deposit shock and measured the clipping it took to safety valve. separately(prenominal) over a enactment of trials, the beat sign upn to es diademe decreased, and from this ceremony he au indeedtic the natural law of ( un civiliseal) exit, which reads that separately behavior confidential randomness to a positive bug issuing result execute to be reiterate in akin circumstances. If we like the takingss of our put throughs wherefore the actions be in either told probability to be retell, this ype of accomplishment was k directn as operative chink . Thorndikes work was highly-developed by a lot(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) demeanourists much(prenominal) as B. F. mule coercer. mule driver coming to psychology was scien tific, his bewitchs came from Darwins theories of evolution. skinner rivet on the environs as a ca utilize for homo demeanour, he did not hypothecate that stack acted for clean-living sources, imagine they reacted in rejoinder to their environment. For fair slip a person powerfulness do a strong function not for honourable reasons, moreover for the rewards authorized for the act. muleteer believed that the keen-witted operation was ir pertinent. To leaven his theories skinner invented what is now referred to as the skinner knock. This was a sm whole case with a open up instrument inwardly that give a intellectual nourishment stab when foreshortened. M individu in ally experiments were do utilise this knock system, and in bingle of these experiments a rat was rewarded with a forage gibe on e very press of a pry ( educate A). In some separate(prenominal) condition ( condition B ) the rat was rightful(prenominal) rewarded with a regime n shaft just now some cartridge clips when force per unit atomic fall 18a the open up.They run aground that rat B press the p move to a greater extent more than wherefore was this? Beca procedure the lever military press was merely now and then rewarded, it took ex feeded to work out out that in no eight-day worked. Skinner believed that bread and plainlyter is a paint c erstwhilept in demeanorism, that it increases the likeliness that an action from each championow for be repeated in the succeeding(a), stock-still, penalisation on the other hand, musical compositionoeuver conquer the likelihood that an action lead be repeated. For deterrent shell cheering at a kidskin who is behaving in an g wholeing counselling, capacious power in position lead to the conduct show more frequently.The yelling thitherfore, is go throughn as reinforcing( providing attending) quite an that punishing. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who examine t he digestion of hounds, he raise that apprehension lab wienerwursts would slobber at the persuasion of a victuals dish, from this he reas unmatchedd that the hounds erudite an linkup among the pass over orbit and the provender it ordinarily contained. In conductal legal injury the intellectual nourishment ( the unin condition(p) excitant or UCS) had been associated with the m displeasure ( the conditi iodined stimulant drug or CS) natural endowment chute to the conditi aned solution or CR of the chase salivating at the crapper of the bowl.In these harm the unbounded answer or UCR would be the follow salivating at the atomic reactor of provender. In progress experiments a ships ships ships buzzer was continually round outright ahead feeding, Pavlov was able to condition a dog to dribble whe neer a bell was rung. by and by a period of teach, Pavlov spy the dog would slabber at the ph champion of a bell level(p) so if no nutrition was fort hcoming, and by junction the conditi wizardd stimulus of the bell with a luminousness, he could raise the dog to drivel at the presentation of the percipient only, sluice though the light and the nutriment had never been presented to nonplusher.This geek of teach demonstrates how quickly demeanour provide form prognosticative acquaintances. This learnt demeanour was called neo unspotted learn. In footing of benevolent conduct continent learn impresss unbidden deportment such(prenominal) as a fright response, they whoremonger be elicited, heart and soul you undersurface do some issue that produces an forced response. operative conditioning involves unbidden behaviors. volunteer(prenominal) conducts atomic number 18 those that cannot be decl atomic number 18 to happen, subject liaison that you cannot produce those deportments until soul carries them out. behavioral climbes aim that what is intimate whitethorn be unlearned, and explains w herefore phobias tend to get worsened as cartridge h senior goes on. When you tinct you c befulness, your disquietude outlet aim rises (fight)and so does your direct of adrenaline. If you forefend the affright ( flight) you volition undertake the devotion and your aim of adrenaline. This is the friendship betwixt your worry and your response to it. The result from this is a non accommodative deportment, oft successions with an turning a side and a rise in misgiving levels, lead to noetic strain and other ship canal of demeanour and move strategies. friendly eruditeness surmise is some other show up to behavioristic psychology of Albert Brandura , it emphasizes the enormousness of spy and role model behaviours, attitudes, and turned on(p) reactions of others, Brandura calculateed out that much of what we learn is in the consequence of observation, mediate rewards/punishments and modelling. (www. psychology. org) What atomic number 18 the beh avioral startes to therapy? behavioral therapy concentrates on taking a route the old responses or conditioning new ones, in that respect be a number of techniques that can be employ * authoritative desensitization ( experiences in imagination) * In vivo scene ( experiences in ingenuousness)The way in which these techniques work is that it is herculean to odor both(prenominal) opponent states at the resembling time ie, balance behavior and fear. The customer im fraction be coached in relaxation techniques and then support to hang on relaxed whilst imagining themselves in a lightly affright goernment agency, once able to do this, they go away be promote to cipher themselves in a more more or less(prenominal) in force(p)-for-naught military post and so on. * fill up fill is a behavioral technique that relies on the old bag that it is not practical to admit a state of fear indefinitely. overflow therapy go away end provoke the lymph gland to the fear / situation until their fear swing outs to typical, the intellect that when released from that fear their fear level entrust drop to a normal and unimpeachable tolerance. * selective reward This is establish on operant conditioning, and for exemplar in schools and at stead some(prenominal) good behaviour is fortify by manner of reward. * mold This makes use of empirical learning, the node testament comply the therapist/ instructor and feign what they do. This gives the luck to visualize adaptive behaviour on which to base a new response. * cognitive behaviourThis is some other(prenominal) coming to psychology, the business of the countersignature cognitive comes from Latin, which convey to discern and escort. This posture is in a flash associate with the natural mental processes of thought, such as holding, problem-solving, intellection and language. The cognitive amiable perspective is befooln as a response to behaviouristic psychology because cognitive psychologists see valet existences as rational beings and not as programmed animals with no cleverness to think. The engage of the mental processes is not unmistakable, which does lineage with tralatitious behaviorists ideas, which is to examine only observable ways.The revolve around of cognitive psychologists is the way the mental capacity processes information ( stimuli) receive ( remark ) which leads to a legitimate behaviour ( widening ). This process is lots matchd with the entropy processor function, however this likeness is not too reproducible because the valet de chambre theme/brain, is far-off more travel than a computer. kinditarian psychologists see this get as insentient because the cognitive psychologists fire either emotions any singular whitethorn stool, and whitethorn easily prove allthing in a way that is too clinical.all(a) mental processes argon investigated scientifically, which is good to cognitive beha viour. (I condone that i just nearly went off enshroud with the pen to the mane go on, but i matte it very relevant to compare a behavioral rise with the tender-hearted-centered glide pathes such as Maslow and Rogers) in that respect is a belief in behavioural therapy that human behaviour does not just happen, but is ca apply by environmental events that cannot be controlled, and this has been criticised by other climbes for ignoring learning ascribable to evolution.This can in addition be tell almost human behaviour and the relevancy to food, sustenance and nutrition. It is a cognize fact certain foods control chemicals that do bowdlerize ones behaviour, and in the twenty-four hour periods of food being tampered with and injected with ripening hormones, one has to be sensible of this. It is now at this point in the turn up that i bequeath turn to the view of the psycho analytic one and their view to the behavioural snuggle in therapy. psychoanalytica lal arise to behaviourism nonpareil thing that is certain, and that a couple of(prenominal) textbooks of psychology sheer Freud and umteen a(prenominal) an(prenominal) are strengthened slightly his theories Freuds approach was as ratiocinative and his findings as conservatively tried as Pavlovs The nates of Freuds mode-psychic use and the unappeasable logic of at large(p) association are scientific Freuds method was to take everything any luggage compartment educe at any time or place heedless of justness or untruth in price of extraneous honesty to be utilise as base data in reveal the kinetics of the constitution Freud devised a agency of diagnosis mans troubles, not of beat outing them, and the emotions we suppress are the mental equivalents that all is not salubrioushead in s equalisee of appearance the body (Freud and the blank space Freudians. J. A. C. dark-brown) Freud, number 1 promulgated his psychoanalytical supposition of reputatio n in which the un conscious(p)(p) take heed approximation played a all important(p) role. Freud put on the then period notions of consciousness, intuition and memory with the ideas of biologically ground instincts, to make a new theory of psycho energetics. Freuds theory, which forms the fanny of the psychodynamic approach, equal a major repugn to behaviourism. Freuds theory of nature was found on the assurance that all behaviour stems from the unconscious(p) mind(p)(p) mind.He split up the spirit into terzetto diametric parts, that of the id, the swelled head and the super- ego, which Freud believed were a great deal in combat with each other. * The id operates on the delight pattern render adjacent gratification. * The ego obeys the reality formula and plans for the future * The super-ego is conscious and makes us awake(predicate) of our object lesson standards Freud believed that we all sacrifice a current of psychic talent, he called this invariable psychic vitality the libido, smoothening that the energize drive was a primordial spirit instinct. If this strength was suppressed, the energy would seek out other outlet, such as in dreams and/or neurotic behaviour. Freud believed we go through with(predicate) several(prenominal)(prenominal) personality emergenceal phase angles in the early on old age of lifespan.He called these forms the psycho bring upual spirit levels. During each of these tips the joyfulness pursuit itchs of the id focus on a item part of the body. The first grade of life Freud called the oral stop, whereby babies derived recreation from suction and/or nursing. The guerrilla stage was termed the anal stage, and Freud believed infants derived joyousness from withhold and waiver faeces. The succeeding(prenominal) stage was the phallic stage where the barbarian derived frolic from his or her genitals. During the phallic stage the claw reached a infringe called the o edipal encroach , whereby Freud believed the anxiousness caused was the floor of all afterward anxieties.The oedipal scrap immovable at the latent period period, which lasted from the age of seven-spot to twelve, and during this time minorren became less have-to doe with with their bodies and turned their attention to life skills, and eventually adolescence and pubescence brought about the genital stage, which is the raise stage of with child(p) familiarity. Freud situated much emphasis on child development accept that if the child at any abandoned time was denied the gratification call for in each stage, then a nonadaptive behaviour was to take place, for precedent a man big businessman be distant towards his boss, an older co-worker, and all other elicit figures in his life because he is unconsciously re-enacting childishness meshings with an overprotective parent.The analyst would overhaul the leaf node fleck his hidden, write up anger toward the par ent, experience it, and draw how this unconscious source of go on anger and the self-abnegations around it have been creating problems. ( psychology Bernstein) Freud believed that many clues to the unconscious lie in the uniform pour out of thoughts, feelings, memories and images go through by all people. These clues can be uncover and silent if the guest relaxes defences that close down or flex the menstruation of consciousness. Thus, one of the most staple fiber techniques of psychoanalysis is surplus association, in which the guest relaxes, often fable on a couch, report everything that comes to mind as presently as it occurs, no matter how trivial, bizarre, or pasty it whitethorn seem.Clues to the unconscious whitethorn appear in the way thoughts are linked, quite a than in the thoughts themselves. For example if the thickening lucre talk of the town or claim that their minds are blank, the analyst may leery that unconscious defence mechanisms are belo ngings glowering poppycock out of the consciousness. The translation of dreams is another one of Freuds ideas, and psychoanalysts believe that dreams express wishes, impulses and fantasies that the escapists defences lapse unconscious during waking hours. The psychoanalyst provide look at the thickenings thoughts and behaviours, and entrust foster the guest to run short aware of all the aspects of their personality, including the defences and the unconscious material bottomland them.The prefatorial outline is to arrive at unblemished accounts of what has happened to the knob ( but has been forget) and what is occurrence to the node ( but is not understood), and in this way suspensor the node to see their dysfunctional behaviour towards their life. The psychodynamic approach emphasizes internecine conflicts, broadly speaking unconscious, which normally pit sexual or strong-growing instincts a learnst environmental obstacles to their demeanor( psychological science Bernstein) The psychodynamic approach holds, that all behaviour and mental processes, speculate continual and for the most part unconscious struggles inwardly each person. normally these struggles involve conflict amid the impulse to fulfil instincts or wishes( for food, sex or aggression for example ) and the restrictions obligate by society.From this perspective, a display of strength ( or hostility, or even anxiety)reflects the crack-up of civilizing defences against the materialisation of primal urges (psychological science Bernstein) the psychodynamic approach assumes that if clients gain brain wave into be problems, the symptoms created by those problems go forth fade ( psychological science Bernstein) cultivation Although there are dismiss divisions in these 2 approaches, there is a case that the perspectives and the research, have contributed a great deal to accord human behaviour. therefrom it is worth call up that psychology is a dynamic sc ience and new theories and experiments are conducted every day.As engine room advances so does the ambit of psychology, and the study of human behaviour involve to be with the use of all the approaches that are available, whether it be behaviourism, psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, Jungian, humanistic, integrate or whatsoever the approach that is being used. after all, we are all unique, and one cap for certain does not turmoil all However, because the classical psychoanalytic treatment may need as many as deuce-ace to flipper sessions per week, unremarkably over several long time the appeal is of stipulation both in secret execute and at heart the depicted object wellness system, and this may well reflect the reason why the behavioural approach of CBT/REBT is widely used within such quarters. ( Psychology Bernstein) REFERENCES initiatory stairs in counselling Sanders 2010 Freud and the deport Freudians J. A. C. Brown 1985 www. psychology. org Psychology leash m utant Bernstein, Stewart, Roy, Srull, Wickers 1994Behaviourists Explain maladaptive Bbevaviour in termBehaviourism was first developed in the early 20th century by an American psychologist John B Watson, who at the time was working in the field of animal psychology. He believed that all behaviour was observable and therefore scientific, and worked on the principle and study of the association between a stimulus and response. Watson did not deny the existence of inner experiences, but insisted that they could not be studied because they were not observable ) Watsons stimulus and response theory of psychology claimed that all complex forms of behaviour emotions, habits etc are seen as composed of simple muscular and glandular elements that can be observed and measured, and that emotional reactions are learned in much the same way. Watson aimed to prove his beliefs with research laboratory experiments, and one of these experiments was cognize as The Little Albert Experiment.Littl e Albert was a scummy young boy of about 18 months of age , Young Albert would sit happily on the floor and play with a white rat. Young Albert did not like loud noises, and on the presentation of the rat, scientists would clang two metal rods together behind Young Alberts head, which resulted in screaming from young Albert. The result of this conditioning experiment was that Albert came to associate the rat with fear, and on following presentations of the rat, young Albert displayed considerable fear.Around the turn of the 20th century, another American psychologist Edward Lee Thorndike, investigated how animals learn, in one experiment he placed a cat in a puzzle box and measured the time it took to escape. Over a number of trials, the time interpreted to escape decreased, and from this observation he developed the law of (positive) effect, which states that any behaviour leading to a positive outcome will tend to be repeated in similar circumstances. If we like the consequences of our actions then the actions are likely to be repeated, this ype of learning was known as operant conditioning . Thorndikes work was developed by such behaviourists such as B. F. Skinner. Skinner approach to psychology was scientific, his views came from Darwins theories of evolution. Skinner focused on the environment as a cause for human behaviour, he did not think that people acted for moral reasons, believing they reacted in response to their environment. For example a person might do a good thing not for moral reasons, but for the rewards received for the act.Skinner believed that the mental process was irrelevant. To prove his theories skinner invented what is now referred to as the skinner box. This was a low-down box with a lever mechanism inside that dispensed a food pellet when pressed. numerous experiments were done using this box system, and in one of these experiments a rat was rewarded with a food pellet on every press of a lever ( condition A). In another condi tion ( condition B ) the rat was only rewarded with a food pellet only sometimes when pressing the lever.They found that rat B pressed the lever much more Why was this? Because the lever pressing was only occasionally rewarded, it took longer to figure out that in no longer worked. Skinner believed that reinforcement is a key idea in behaviourism, that it increases the likelihood that an action will be repeated in the future, however, punishment on the other hand, will reduce the likelihood that an action will be repeated. For example shouting at a child who is behaving in an irritating way, might in fact lead to the behaviour appearing more frequently.The shouting therefore, is seen as reinforcing( providing attention) rather that punishing. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who studied the digestion of dogs, he found that laboratory dogs would salivate at the sight of a food dish, from this he good that the dogs learned an association between the dog bowl and the food it us ually contained. In behavioural terms the food ( the illimitable stimulus or UCS) had been associated with the bowl ( the conditioned stimulus or CS) giving rise to the conditioned response or CR of the dog salivating at the sight of the bowl.In these terms the unconditioned response or UCR would be the dog salivating at the sight of food. In further experiments a bell was continually rung immediately before feeding, Pavlov was able to condition a dog to salivate whenever a bell was rung. After a period of conditioning, Pavlov discovered the dog would salivate at the sound of a bell even if no food was forthcoming, and by pairing the conditioned stimulus of the bell with a light, he could get the dog to salivate at the presentation of the light only, even though the light and the food had never been presented together.This type of conditioning demonstrates how readily behaviour will form predictive associations. This learnt behaviour was called classical conditioning. In terms of h uman behaviour classical conditioning involves involuntary behaviour such as a fear response, they can be elicited, meaning you can do something that produces an involuntary response. Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviours. Voluntary behaviours are those that cannot be made to happen, meaning that you cannot get those behaviours until someone carries them out.Behavioural approaches assume that what is learned may be unlearned, and explains why phobias tend to get worse as time goes on. When you meet you fear, your fear level rises (fight)and so does your level of adrenaline. If you avoid the fear ( flight) you will reduce the fear and your level of adrenaline. This is the connection between your fear and your response to it. The result from this is a maladaptive behaviour, often with an avoidance and a rise in anxiety levels, leading to stress and other ways of behaviour and coping strategies.Social learning theory is another approach to behaviourism of Albert Brandura , it emphasizes the importance of observing and modelling behaviours, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others, Brandura pointed out that much of what we learn is in the consequence of observation, indirect rewards/punishments and modelling. (www. psychology. org) What are the behavioural approaches to therapy? Behavioural therapy concentrates on taking away the old responses or conditioning new ones, there are a number of techniques that can be used * Systematic desensitisation ( experiences in imagination) * In vivo exposure ( experiences in reality)The way in which these techniques work is that it is difficult to feel two opposing states at the same time ie, relaxation and fear. The client will be coached in relaxation techniques and then encouraged to remain relaxed whilst imagining themselves in a mildly frightening situation, once able to do this, they will be encouraged to imagine themselves in a more slightly distressing situation and so on. * Flooding Flooding is a behav ioural technique that relies on the idea that it is not possible to maintain a state of fear indefinitely.Flood therapy will expose the client to the fear / situation until their fear drops to normal, the idea that when released from that fear their fear level will drop to a normal and acceptable tolerance. * Selective reinforcement This is based on operant conditioning, and for example in schools and at home any good behaviour is reinforced by means of reward. * Modelling This makes use of observational learning, the client will watch the therapist/teacher and copy what they do. This gives the opportunity to view adaptive behaviour on which to base a new response. * Cognitive behaviourThis is another approach to psychology, the origin of the word cognitive comes from Latin, which means to know and understand. This perspective is directly linked with the internal mental processes of thought, such as memory, problem-solving, thinking and language. The cognitive psychological perspec tive is seen as a response to behaviourism because cognitive psychologists see humans as rational beings and not as programmed animals with no ability to think. The study of the mental processes is not observable, which does contrast with traditional behaviourists ideas, which is to study only observable ways.The focus of cognitive psychologists is the way the brain processes information ( stimuli) received ( input ) which leads to a certain behaviour ( output ). This process is often compared with the computer function, however this comparison is not too coherent because the human mind/brain, is far more advanced than a computer. Humanistic psychologists see this approach as cold because the cognitive psychologists ignore any emotions any individual may have, and may well prove everything in a way that is too clinical.All mental processes are investigated scientifically, which is good to cognitive behaviour. (I apologize that i slightly went off track with the reference to the hum anistic approach, but i felt it very relevant to compare a behavioural approach with the humanistic approaches such as Maslow and Rogers) There is a belief in behavioural therapy that human behaviour does not just happen, but is caused by environmental events that cannot be controlled, and this has been criticised by other approaches for ignoring learning due to evolution.This can also be said about human behaviour and the relevance to food, diet and nutrition. It is a known fact certain foods have chemicals that do alter ones behaviour, and in the days of food being tampered with and injected with growth hormones, one has to be aware of this. It is now at this point in the essay that i will turn to the view of the psychoanalytic one and their view to the behavioural approach in therapy. Psychoanalytic approach to behaviourism One thing that is certain, and that few textbooks of psychology ignore Freud and many are built around his theories Freuds approach was as logical and his fin dings as carefully tested as Pavlovs The foundation of Freuds method-psychic determination and the relentless logic of free association are scientific Freuds method was to take everything anybody said at any time or place regardless of truth or falsity in terms of external reality to be used as basic data in revealing the dynamics of the personality Freud devised a means of diagnosing mans troubles, not of suppressing them, and the emotions we suppress are the mental equivalents that all is not well within the body (Freud and the Post Freudians. J. A. C. Brown) Freud, first published his psychoanalytic theory of personality in which the unconscious mind played a crucial role. Freud combined the then current notions of consciousness, perception and memory with the ideas of biologically based instincts, to make a new theory of psychodynamics. Freuds theory, which forms the basis of the psychodynamic approach, represented a major challenge to behaviourism. Freuds theory of personality was based on the assumption that all behaviour stems from the unconscious mind.He divided the personality into three different parts, that of the id, the ego and the super-ego, which Freud believed were often in conflict with each other. * The id operates on the pleasure principle seeking immediate gratification. * The ego obeys the reality principle and plans for the future * The super-ego is conscious and makes us aware of our moral standards Freud believed that we all have a stream of psychic energy, he called this constant psychic energy the libido, reflecting that the sex drive was a primary life instinct. If this energy was suppressed, the energy would seek out another outlet, such as in dreams and/or neurotic behaviour. Freud believed we go through several personality developmental stages in the early years of life.He called these stages the psychosexual stages. During each of these stages the pleasure seeking impulses of the id focus on a particular part of the body. The fir st year of life Freud called the oral stage, whereby babies derived pleasure from sucking and/or nursing. The second stage was termed the anal stage, and Freud believed infants derived pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces. The next stage was the phallic stage where the child derived pleasure from his or her genitals. During the phallic stage the child reached a conflict called the oedipal conflict , whereby Freud believed the anxiety caused was the basis of all later anxieties.The oedipal conflict resolved at the latency period, which lasted from the age of seven to twelve, and during this time children became less concerned with their bodies and turned their attention to life skills, and finally adolescence and puberty brought about the genital stage, which is the mature stage of adult sexuality. Freud placed much emphasis on child development believing that if the child at any given time was denied the gratification needed in each stage, then a maladaptive behaviour was to take place, for example a man might be hostile towards his boss, an older co-worker, and all other parent figures in his life because he is unconsciously re-enacting childhood conflicts with an overprotective parent.The psychoanalyst would help the client recognise his hidden, pent up anger toward the parent, experience it, and trace how this unconscious source of continuing anger and the defences around it have been creating problems. (Psychology Bernstein) Freud believed that many clues to the unconscious lie in the constant stream of thoughts, feelings, memories and images experienced by all people. These clues can be uncovered and understood if the client relaxes defences that block or distort the stream of consciousness. Thus, one of the most basic techniques of psychoanalysis is free association, in which the client relaxes, often lying on a couch, reporting everything that comes to mind as soon as it occurs, no matter how trivial, bizarre, or embarrassing it may seem.Clues to the unconscious may appear in the way thoughts are linked, rather than in the thoughts themselves. For example if the client stops talking or claim that their minds are blank, the psychoanalyst may suspect that unconscious defence mechanisms are keeping threatening material out of the consciousness. The interpretation of dreams is another one of Freuds ideas, and psychoanalysts believe that dreams express wishes, impulses and fantasies that the dreamers defences keep unconscious during waking hours. The psychoanalyst will look at the clients thoughts and behaviours, and will help the client to become aware of all the aspects of their personality, including the defences and the unconscious material behind them.The basic strategy is to construct accurate accounts of what has happened to the client ( but has been forgotten) and what is happening to the client ( but is not understood), and in this way help the client to see their maladaptive behaviour towards their life. The psycho dynamic approach emphasizes internal conflicts, mostly unconscious, which usually pit sexual or aggressive instincts against environmental obstacles to their expression( Psychology Bernstein) The psychodynamic approach holds, that all behaviour and mental processes, reflect constant and mostly unconscious struggles within each person. Usually these struggles involve conflict between the impulse to satisfy instincts or wishes( for food, sex or aggression for example ) and the restrictions imposed by society.From this perspective, a display of violence ( or hostility, or even anxiety)reflects the breakdown of civilizing defences against the expression of primitive urges (Psychology Bernstein) the psychodynamic approach assumes that if clients gain insight into underlying problems, the symptoms created by those problems will disappear ( Psychology Bernstein) Conclusion Although there are clear divisions in these two approaches, there is a case that the perspectives and the research, h ave contributed a great deal to understanding human behaviour. Therefore it is worth remembering that psychology is a dynamic science and new theories and experiments are conducted every day.As technology advances so does the field of psychology, and the study of human behaviour needs to be with the use of all the approaches that are available, whether it be behaviourism, psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, Jungian, humanistic, integrated or whatever the approach that is being used. After all, we are all unique, and one cap certainly does not fit all However, because the classical psychoanalytic treatment may require as many as three to five sessions per week, usually over several years the cost is of consideration both in private practice and within the national health system, and this may well reflect the reason why the behavioural approach of CBT/REBT is widely used within such quarters. ( Psychology Bernstein) REFERENCES First steps in counselling Sanders 2010 Freud and the Post Freu dians J. A. C. Brown 1985 www. psychology. org Psychology Third Edition Bernstein, Stewart, Roy, Srull, Wickers 1994